45 關於 Actinomyces 之敘述，下列何者正確？
(A)為兼性或絕對厭氧菌
(B)具有細胞核膜及粒線體
(C)主要以抗黴菌藥物治療
(D)常引起人與人之間傳染

Actinomyces organisms are facultatively anaerobic or strictly anaerobic gram-positive rods.  They grow slowly in culture, and they tend to produce chronic, slowly developing infections. Actinomyces  organisms  colonize  the  upper  respiratory, GI, and female genital tracts but are not normally present on the skin surface. The organisms have a low virulence potential and cause disease only when the normal mucosal barriers are disrupted by trauma, surgery, or infection. Infections caused by actinomycetes are endogenous, with no evidence of person-to-person spread or disease originating from an exogenous source. Macroscopic colonies of organisms resembling grains of  sand  can  frequently  be  seen  in the  abscesses  and sinus tracts. These colonies, called sulfur granules because they may  appear  yellow  or orange,  are  masses  of filamentous organisms  bound  together  by  calcium phosphate. Treatment for actinomycosis involves the combination of drainage of a localized abscess or surgical debridement of the involved tissues, and prolonged administration of antibiotics. Actinomyces are uniformly susceptible to penicillin (considered the antibiotic of choice), carbapenems, macrolides, and clindamycin.