45. The stomach is majorly surrounded by which type of muscle?
(A)Skeletal muscle.
(B) Smooth muscle.
(C) Cardiac muscle.
(D)Voluntary muscle.
(E)Striated muscle.

41. The major respiratory centers that control ventilation of the lungs in mammals are located in the______. (A)neck (B) hypothalamus (C) bronchi (D)cerebral cortex (E)brainstem

42. The change in the concentration of _______ is the major factor that affects the breathing control centers. (A)hemoglobin (B) hydrogen ions (C) bicarbonate ions (D)carbon dioxide (E)oxygen

43. In vertebrates with four-chambered hearts, the ____ receives oxygenated blood directly from the _____. (A)left atrium, left ventricle (B) left ventricle, lungs (C) left ventricle, left atrium (D)right ventricle, lungs (E)right ventricle, right atrium

44. The most possible chemical compound for increasing cardiac output when animals are exercising is ___. (A)epinephrine (B) serotonin (C) dopamine (D)glutamate (E)acetylcholine

46. The _______ protein might contains an ATP binding site for further activation. (A)tropomyosin (B) troponin (C) myosin (D)actin (E)All of the choices are correct

47. The perception of a certain pitch of sound is possibly depends on which of the following? (A)Whether it is the round window or oval window that vibrates. (B) Which bones of the middle ear are moved. (C) The amplitude of the sound waves. (D)Where particles settle in the semicircular canals. (E)Which hair cells of the cochlea are stimulated.

48. The tough outer covering of the eye is mainly referred to as the ____. (A)sclera (B) retina (C) pupil (D)iris (E)fovea

49. Injury to the cerebellum could dominantly result in which one of the following? (A)Diminished thermoreceptive sensation. (B) Decreased ability to balance. (C) Loss of vision. (D)Loss of taste sensation. (E)Loss of hearing.

50. During the rapid increase in membrane potential seen in the upsweep of the action potential, which description of the following is most correct? (A)The sodium/potassium pump has reversed directions and is pumping sodium in and potassium out. (B) Both the activation and inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium channels are open. (C) The potassium leak channels are closed. (D)The sodium leak channels are closed. (E)The voltage-gated potassium channel is open.

1. 有關真核細胞進行細胞呼吸作用(cellular respiration)與植物細胞進行光合作用 (photosynthesis)中的光反應(light reactions)過程，下列何者在兩過程皆有進行？ (A) 電子傳遞鏈(electron transport chain) (B) 乳酸發酵(lactic acid fermentation) (C) 糖解作用(glycolysis) (D) 檸檬酸循環(citric acid cycle)