46. 下列有關 Complex regional pain syndrome(CRPS)的敘述何者不正確？
(A) 骨折後，發展成為 CRPS I 的 incidence 約為 1-2%。
(B) 女性比男性更容易發生 CRPS。
(C) CRPS typeII 病患其通常進展為其有非對稱性遠端肢體疼痛及腫脹但並沒有神經損傷。
(D) CRPS 病患有相當高比例，同時罹患憂鬱症及焦慮、症。然而目前並沒有證據顯示 CRPS 是種心因性問題。
(E) 有50%慢性CRPS I病人在半邊身體或患肢同側上方發展為hypoaesthesia及hypoalgesia。

42. Which of the following statement concerning central pain is least likely: (A) Central pain is defined as pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the CNS. (B) The most common causes are cerebrovascular lesions, multiple sclerosis and SCI. (C) In stroke there is a particularly high prevalence in developing central pain among patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesions. (D) In stroke the central pain is most frequently a hemipain. (E) Excessive activity in glutaminergic synapses appears to be part of the mechanism underlying central pain.

43. 以下針對超音波影像引導之疼痛治療中，各式使用的探頭(probes)敘述，何者為非？ (A) 弧形探頭的頻率最低，所引導針尖到達之標的治療組織最深。 (B) 微型探頭的頻率最高，所引導針尖到達之標的治療組織最淺。 (C) 線型探頭的頻率約在 5~12MHz 左右。 (D) 腰椎小面關節注射(facet joint injection)因範圍很小，故以使用微型探頭最為適當。 (E) 通常組織穿透力高的探頭，解析度會較為遜色。

44. Which statement regarding complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is True? (A) Causalgia, or burning pain, is now categorized as CRPS type I. (B) The term ―reflex sympathetic dystrophy‖ (RSD), or CRPS type II, refers to a syndrome similar to causalgia but with a specific nerve lesion. (C) Etiology involve only peripheral over-reactions after nerve and/or soft tissue damage. (D) The signs and symptoms in CRPS are heterogeneous； which reflect underlying sensory, autonomic, and motor dysfunctions. (E) Sympathetic blockade is the golden standard of treatment

45. Which of the following is the acceptable statement about Neurodestructive RF Lesions? (A) The RF permanent neurodestructive lesion is formed when neural temperatures exceed 42℃. (B) These temperatures are a result of friction heat (C) The heat is generated on the tip of RF needle. The RF needle then heat up the tissues. (D) The size of RF lesion with 22 gauge RF needle is around with a radius of 5 mm (E) All of the above

47. A 52-year-old man complains of a sudden onset of severe，stabbing pain in the left jaw and cheek that subsides in less than a minute. He is pain-free during the intervals between attacks. Activities such as combing his hair and shaving can cause the onset of this facial pain. He is otherwise healthy. The most likely diagnosis is? (A) Atypical facial pain (B) Vascular facial pain (C) Postherpetic neuralgia (D) Trigeminal neuralgia

48. 一個因外傷而將左下腳(left lower leg)截肢的 15 歲少年，最後發展 phanton pain (幻肢痛)， 雖經多種方法止痛，仍未獲得疼痛舒緩，因此接受脊椎神經刺激術(spinal cord stimulation)， 請問應放在哪一個脊椎範圍為佳？ (A) 頸椎位置 (B) 中至下頸椎位置 (C) 上至中胸椎位置 (D) 中至下胸椎位置 (E) 腰椎位置

49. The formal presentation of myofascial Pain syndrome diagnostic criteria includes each of the following, EXCEPT: (A) Resolution of the symptoms after Trigger Point injetction with local anesthetic (B) Widespread body pain (C) Limited ROM ofthe atfected muscle or muscles (D) Referral pain is evident (E) Twitch response and Trigger Points are the common features

50. Therapeutic plasma concentrations of a passive fentanyl patch 多於貼上皮膚後多久達成？ (A) ＜ 2 hours (B) ＜ 4 hours (C) ＜ 8 hours (D) ＜ 12 hours (E) 12-24 hours

1. Descending inhibitory pathways typically involve which of the following neurochemical mechanisms EXCEPT? (A) Noradrenergic (B) Cholinergic (C) Enkephalinergic (D) Serotonergic

2. Which of the following is the unacceptable statement about peripheral nerve block? (A) Occipital nerve block is indicated for occipital and posterior auricular neuralgia. (B) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh: local anaesthetic block of this nerve is indicated for diagnosis and treatment of meralgia paraesthetica. (C) Sacral plexus block, transforaminal through the sacral foramina, may be indicated for temporary relief of sciatic pain. (D) Suprascapular nerve block is indicated for postsurgical pain relief, for assessment of shoulder pain and to facilitate physical therapy of the shoulder joint in painful shoulder stiffness and pain secondary to CRPS. (E) For classical trigeminal neuralgia, blocks of the Gasserian ganglion with glycerol or radiofrequency are now the commonly used alternatives when microvascular decompression is not available or cannot be used.