48 According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) Bees’ natural habitat loss is a major driver for their declining populations.
(B) Effects of management techniques on bee declines have been well studied.
(C) Bees’ exposure to pesticide has contributed to declines in their populations.
(D) Changes in public awareness about wild bees can help reduce their declines.

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      Pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and birds, contribute roughly $500 billion a year to global food production.Being the primary pollinators of most wild plants and many crops, bees are particularly crucial to both ecosystem stability and agricultural productivity. However, bee populations have been on the decline worldwide over the years, which has captured the attention of scientists, governments, media, and the general public.

      Several anthropogenic drivers have been associated with declining bee populations, such as disturbances of their natural habitats as result of agricultural intensifications and urbanization, climate change, pesticides, and management practices. Bees’ habitat loss and fragmentation are considered a major driver of their declines. Besides, climate changes in temperature and rainfall can cause significant alterations in natural habitats, thus reducing their suitability for wild bee populations.

      Pesticides have received much attention for their potential effects on bees. In a recent study, the research group reviews important agrochemicals with demonstrated deleterious effects on eusocial bees. Using artificial intelligence tools, the researchers explore how pesticide exposure contributes to declines in populations of honey bees, bumble bees, and stingless bees. Still, many knowledge gaps remain. Future studies should continue to increase their focus and sophistication when tackling questions concerning the declining bee populations associated with the pesticide contamination.

      However, little research attention has been given to potential effects of management techniques on bee declines. Not until recently, a group of researchers has addressed the importance of improving beekeeping techniques and conservation
strategies to avoid reduction of genetic diversity in both managed and wild honey bees. They conclude that artificial and natural selection are needed to maintain genetic diversity in honey bees to combat, for example, the bee susceptibility to pathogens. However, more research needs to be conducted on potential effects of management techniques on bee declines.

      It is important to emphasize that scientific efforts alone are not enough. Additional strategies should be encouraged, including improvements of environmental education programs, changes in public awareness about wild bees through appropriate media coverage, and improvements in dialogue between scientists, industry, stakeholders, and legislators. Only comprehensive approaches, discussed by different societal actors, will result in efficient and long-term strategies to reduce the decline of wild bee populations.

傳粉媒介，如蜜蜂、蝴蝶和鳥類，每年為全球糧食生產貢獻約 5,000 億美元。作為大多數野生植物和許多作物的主要傳粉者，蜜蜂對生態系統穩定性和農業生產力都至關重要。然而，多年來，全球蜜蜂數量一直在下降，這引起了科學家、政府、媒體和公眾的關注。

幾種人為驅動因素與蜜蜂數量下降有關，例如農業集約化和城市化導致的自然棲息地干擾、氣候變遷、殺蟲劑和管理實踐。蜜蜂棲息地的喪失和碎片化被認為是其數量下降的主要驅動因素。此外，溫度和降雨的氣候變化可能導致自然棲息地的顯著改變，從而降低其對野生蜜蜂種群的適宜性。

殺蟲劑因其對蜜蜂的潛在影響而受到廣泛關注。在最近的一項研究中，研究小組回顧了對真社會性蜜蜂具有明顯有害影響的重要農用化學品。研究人員使用人工智慧工具探索殺蟲劑暴露如何導致蜜蜂、熊蜂和無刺蜂種群數量下降。然而，仍有許多知識空白存在。未來的研究在處理與殺蟲劑污染相關的蜜蜂數量下降問題時，應繼續增加關注度和精密性。

然而，管理技術對蜜蜂數量下降的潛在影響卻很少受到研究關注。直到最近，一組研究人員才提出了改進養蜂技術和保護策略的重要性，以避免管理和野生蜜蜂的遺傳多樣性減少。他們得出結論，需要人工和自然選擇來維持蜜蜂的遺傳多樣性，以對抗蜜蜂對病原體的易感性等問題。然而，關於管理技術對蜜蜂數量下降的潛在影響，還需要進行更多研究。

需要強調的是，僅靠科學努力是不夠的。應鼓勵其他策略，包括改進環境教育計劃、通過適當的媒體報導改變公眾對野生蜜蜂的認識，以及改善科學家、行業、利益相關者和立法者之間的對話。只有由不同社會參與者討論的全面方法，才能產生有效且長期的策略，以減少野生蜜蜂種群數量的下降。

pollinators    /ˈpɑː.lə.neɪ.tɚz/    n. (pl.)    傳粉媒介 contribute to    /kənˈtrɪb.juːt tu/    v. phr.    對...貢獻 global food production    /ˈɡloʊ.bəl fuːd prəˈdʌk.ʃən/    n. phr.    全球糧食生產 primary pollinators    /ˈpraɪ.mer.i ˈpɑː.lə.neɪ.tɚz/    n. phr.    主要傳粉者 ecosystem stability    /ˈiː.koʊ.sɪs.təm stəˈbɪl.ə.ti/    n. phr.    生態系統穩定性 agricultural productivity    /ˌæɡ.rɪˈkʌl.tʃɚ.əl ˌproʊ.dʌkˈtɪv.ə.ti/    n. phr.    農業生產力 on the decline    /ɑːn ðə dɪˈklaɪn/    phr.    在減少中 capture the attention    /ˈkæp.tʃɚ ðə əˈten.ʃən/    v. phr.    引起...的注意 anthropogenic drivers    /ˌæn.θrə.pəˈdʒen.ɪk ˈdraɪ.vɚz/    n. phr.    人為驅動因素 habitat loss    /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt lɔːs/    n. phr.    棲息地喪失 fragmentation    /ˌfræɡ.menˈteɪ.ʃən/    n.    碎片化 agricultural intensification    /ˌæɡ.rɪˈkʌl.tʃɚ.əl ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/    n. phr.    農業集約化 urbanization    /ˌɜː.bə.nəˈzeɪ.ʃən/    n.    城市化 climate change    /ˈklaɪ.mət tʃeɪndʒ/    n. phr.    氣候變遷 pesticides    /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪdz/    n. (pl.)    殺蟲劑 management practices    /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt ˈpræk.tɪ.sɪz/    n. phr.    管理實踐 alterations    /ˌɑːl.təˈreɪ.ʃənz/    n. (pl.)    改變 suitability    /ˌsuː.təˈbɪl.ə.ti/    n.    適宜性 agrochemicals    /ˌæɡ.roʊˈkem.ɪ.kəlz/    n. (pl.)    農用化學品 deleterious effects    /ˌdel.əˈtɪr.i.əs ɪˈfekts/    n. phr.    有害影響 eusocial bees    /juːˈsoʊ.ʃəl biːz/    n. phr.    真社會性蜜蜂 artificial intelligence    /ˌɑːr.t̬ɪˈfɪʃ.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/    n. phr.    人工智慧

pesticide exposure    /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd ɪkˈspoʊ.ʒɚ/    n. phr.    殺蟲劑暴露 honey bees    /ˈhʌn.i biːz/    n. phr.    蜜蜂 bumble bees    /ˈbʌm.bəl biːz/    n. phr.    熊蜂 stingless bees    /ˈstɪŋ.ləs biːz/    n. phr.    無刺蜂 knowledge gaps    /ˈnɑː.lɪdʒ ɡæps/    n. phr.    知識空白 sophistication    /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/    n.    精密性 contamination    /kənˌtæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/    n.    污染 management techniques    /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt tekˈniːks/    n. phr.    管理技術 beekeeping techniques    /ˈbiː.kiː.pɪŋ tekˈniːks/    n. phr.    養蜂技術 conservation strategies    /ˌkɑːn.sɚˈveɪ.ʃən ˈstræt̬.ə.dʒiz/    n. phr.    保育策略 genetic diversity    /dʒəˈnet.ɪk daɪˈvɝː.sə.ti/    n. phr.    遺傳多樣性 artificial selection    /ˌɑːr.t̬ɪˈfɪʃ.əl sɪˈlek.ʃən/    n. phr.    人工選擇 natural selection    /ˈnætʃ.ɚ.əl sɪˈlek.ʃən/    n. phr.    自然選擇 susceptibility to pathogens    /səˌsep.təˈbɪl.ə.ti tu ˈpæθ.ə.dʒənz/    n. phr.    對病原體的易感性 environmental education    /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.t̬əl ˌedʒ.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/    n. phr.    環境教育 public awareness    /ˈpʌb.lɪk əˈwer.nəs/    n. phr.    公眾意識 media coverage    /ˈmiː.di.ə ˈkʌv.ɚ.ɪdʒ/    n. phr.    媒體報導 dialogue    /ˈdaɪ.ə.lɑːɡ/    n.    對話 stakeholders    /ˈsteɪk.hoʊl.dɚz/    n. (pl.)    利益相關者 legislators    /ˈledʒ.ɪ.sleɪ.tɚz/    n. (pl.)    立法者 comprehensive approaches    /ˌkɑːm.prɪˈhen.sɪv əˈproʊ.tʃɪz/    n. phr.    全面方法 societal actors    /səˈsaɪ.ə.t̬əl ˈæk.tɚz/    n. phr.    社會參與者

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(A) Bees’ natural habitat loss is a major driver for their declining populations.
(B) Effects of management techniques on bee declines have been well studied.
(C) Bees’ exposure to pesticide has contributed to declines in their populations.
(D) Changes in public awareness about wild bees can help reduce their declines.
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(A) 蜜蜂自然棲息地的喪失是其族群數量下降的主要原因。

(B) 管理措施對蜜蜂數量下降的影響已被充分研究。

(C) 蜜蜂接觸殺蟲劑是導致其族群數量下降的原因之一。

(D) 提高大眾對野生蜜蜂的認識有助於減緩其數量下降。

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Pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and birds, contribute roughly $500 billion十億 a year to global food production.

蜜蜂、蝴蝶和鳥類等授粉昆蟲每年為全球糧食生產貢獻約5,000億美元。

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Being the primary pollinators of most wild plants and many crops, bees are particularly crucial to both ecosystem stabilityand agricultural productivity.

蜜蜂是大多數野生植物和許多農作物的主要授粉者，對生態系統穩定和農業生產力至關重要。

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However, bee populations have been on the decline worldwide over the years, which hascaptured the attention of scientists, governments, media, and the general public.

ㅤㅤ然而，近年來全球蜜蜂數量持續下降，引起了科學家、政府、媒體和公眾的廣泛關注。

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Several anthropogenic drivers have been associated with declining bee populations,

多種人為因素與蜜蜂族群數量下降有關，

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such as disturbances 干擾 of their naturalhabitats as result of agricultural intensifications and urbanization, climate change, pesticides, and management practices.

例如農業集約化和都市化導致蜜蜂自然棲息地遭到破壞、氣候變遷、農藥使用以及管理措施等。

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Bees’habitat loss and fragmentation are considered a major driver of their declines.

蜜蜂棲息地的喪失和破碎化被認為是其數量下降的主要原因。

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Besides, climate changes in temperature and rainfall can cause significant alterations in natural habitats,

此外，氣溫和降雨量的氣候變遷會導致自然棲息地發生顯著改變，

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thus reducing their suitability for wild bee populations.

從而降低其對野生蜜蜂族群的適宜性。

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Pesticides have received much attention for their potential effects on bees.

農藥對蜜蜂的潛在影響備受關注。

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 In a recent study, the research group reviewsimportant agrochemicals with demonstrated deleterious effects on eusocial bees.

在最近的一項研究中，研究小組回顧了已被證實對真社會性蜜蜂有害的重要農業化學品。

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Using artificial intelligence tools, the researchers explore how pesticide exposure contributes to declines in populations of honey bees, bumble bees, and stinglessbees.

研究人員利用人工智慧工具，探索農藥暴露如何導致蜜蜂、熊蜂和無刺蜂族群數量下降。

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Still, many knowledge gaps remain. 

然而，目前仍有許多知識空白。

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Future studies should continue to increase their focus and sophistication when tackling 處理questions concerning the declining bee populations associated with the pesticide contamination.

未來的研究應繼續提高研究的重點和精細程度，以解決與農藥污染相關的蜜蜂族群數量下降問題。

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However, little research attention has been given to potential effects of management techniques on bee declines.

然而，關於管理技術對蜜蜂數量下降的潛在影響，目前的研究關注甚少。

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 Notuntil recently, a group of researchers has addressed the importance of improving beekeeping techniques and conservation strategies to avoid reduction of genetic diversity in both managed and wild honey bees.

直到最近，一組研究人員才開始關注改進養蜂技術和保育策略的重要性，以避免人工飼養和野生蜜蜂遺傳多樣性的降低。

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They conclude that artificial and natural selection are needed to maintain genetic diversity in honey bees to combat, for example, the bee susceptibility topathogens.

他們得出結論，人工選擇和自然選擇對於維持蜜蜂的遺傳多樣性至關重要，例如，可以對抗蜜蜂對病原體的易感性。

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 However, more research needs to be conducted on potential effects of management techniques on bee declines.

然而，關於管理措施對蜜蜂數量下降的潛在影響，仍需要進行更多研究。

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It is important to emphasize that scientific efforts alone are not enough.

必須強調的是，光靠科學研究是不夠的。

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Additional strategies should be encouraged,including improvements of environmental education programs, changes in public awareness about wild bees through appropriate media coverage覆蓋範圍, and improvements in dialogue between scientists, industry, stakeholders, and legislators.

應鼓勵採取更多策略，包括改善環境教育計畫、透過適當的媒體通報來提高大眾對野生蜜蜂的認識，以及加強科學家、產業界、利害關係人和立法者之間的對話。

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Only comprehensive approaches, discussed by different societal actors, will result in efficient and long-term strategiesto reduce the decline of wild bee populations.

只有由不同社會參與者共同探討的綜合性方法，才能製定出有效且長期的策略來遏制野生蜜蜂數量的下降。

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