5. Following right anterolateral cordotomy, which symptom is not related to procedure?
(A) Left side leg weakness
(B) Respiratory dysfunction
(C) Left side dysesthetic pain
(D) Ataxia
(E) Bladder dysfunction

1. Which of the following statement regarding opioids is wrong: (A) Opioids inhibit voltage-dependent calcium channels. (B) Opioids attenuate excitability of terminals or neurons. (C) Opioid receptors are located postsynaptically on interneurons. (D) Opioid cause antinociception by decreased activity in inhibitory descending controls. (E) Important supraspinal sites opioid actions are the periaqueductal grey and the rostroventral medulla.

2. Which of the following is the acceptable statement about postoperative pain? (A) form of acute pain due to the surgical trauma with an inflammatory reaction. (B) May initiate an afferent neuronal barrage. (C) May become chronic in some patients. (D) Associated with autonomic, endocrine-metabolic, physiological and behavioral responses. (E) All of the above statements.

3. Which of the following indication for sympathetic blocks is wrong: (A) Stellate ganglion block for head and neck. (B) Stellate ganglion and 1st and 2nd thoracic ganglia blocks for upper limb. (C) Greater and lesser splanchnic nerve blocks for visceral pain from upper abdomen. (D) Ganglion impar block for visceral pain from descending colon and pelvic organs. (E) Lumbar sympathetic ganglia blocks for lower extremities.

4. Which of the following statements about transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is right: (A) Adverse effect includes transient increases in pain and muscle twitching. (B) TENS safe for infant during delivery can be applied over or anywhere near the pregnant uterus. (C) Cardiac pacemakers with fixed frequencies may malfunction by TENS. (D) Stimulating post part of neck may be dangerous, due to induce spasms the intrinsic muscle of larynx. (E) Skin redness under electrodes after TENS was not reported.

6. Following statements about anticonvulsants in neuropathic pain is wrong: (A) Carbamazepine provides satisfactory pain control in trigeminal neuralgia (B) Tolerability is better with oxcarbazepine compared with carbamazepine (C) Lamotrigine reduces pain intensity in HIV neuropathy (D) Gabapentin directly modifies sodium channel currents (E) Gabapentin improves postherpetic neuralgia.

7. Which of the following statement concerning the cause of cancer pain is least likely? (A) Vanilloid receptor TRPV1 is expressed in most nociceptors, it detects heat and extracellular protons. (B) In order to detect noxious mechanical stimuli, nociceptors express mechanically gated channels that initiate a signally cascade upon excessive stretch. (C) Low pH can activate acid-sensing ion channel-3 (ASIC-3). (D) Tumour cells can release protons and produce local acidosis. (E) TRPV1 is activated when the pH rise above 6.0.

8. Which of the following statement concerning the treatment of cancer pain is least likely? (A) Obeying the principles of the analgesic ladder approach, 71% of patients will achieve good pain relief without further intervention. (B) Oral morphine remains the drug of choice according to the analgesic ladder of the WHO. (C) The most common use of radiotherapy is for metastases abdominal pain. (D) The patient with advanced cancer is in the dynamic state with changing pathology. (E) About 60% of patients who receive radiotherapy will achieve at least 50% pain relief.

9. Which of the following statement concerning the pain in the elderly is least likely? (A) The elderly are less likely than younger patients to report pain associated with acute pathology. (B) The prevalence of chronic pain appears peaked at late-life. (C) Among chronic pain patients, there may be a change in the quality but not the intensity of chronic pain with age. (D) The affective and cognitive components of pain do not appear to be age related. (E) Pain in the elderly is often undertreated, which may be due to the increased risks associated with pharmacotherapy in this group.

10. Which of the following statement concerning the assessment of cancer pain is least likely: (A) A high pain prevalence of 50-70% among patients with newly diagnosed cancer. (B) Bone metastases are the most common cause of chronic pain in cancer patients. (C) The vertebrae are the most common sites of bony metastases. (D) Epidural compression of the spinal cord is the second most common neurological complications of cancer. (E) The cause of under-treatment of cancer pain is inadequate assessment.

11. Which of the following is the unacceptable statement about postoperative pain related to acute pain mechanisms? (A) A decrease in the nociceptor threshold is due to changes in the transducers themselves (autosensitization). (B) An increase in the excitability of the terminal membrane is initiated by sensitizing agents (heterosensitization). (C) Enhanced responsiveness of central pain transmission neurons is due to wind-up. (D) Enhanced responsiveness of central pain transmission neurons is due to facilitated synaptic responses. (E) Enhanced responsiveness of central pain transmission neurons is due to increase inhibition.