51. Which free-living cells were the earliest contributors to the formation of Earth's oxidizing atmosphere?
(A) cyanobacteria
(B) chloroplasts
(C) mitochondria
(D) seaweeds

5. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? (A) rough ER (B) lysosomes (C) plasmodesmata (D) Golgi vesicles

6. Which of the following is true of integral membrane proteins? (A) They lack tertiary structure (B) They are loosely bound to the surface of the bilayer (C) They are usually transmembrane proteins (D) They are not mobile within the bilayer

7. An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function? (A) transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient (B) cell-cell recognition (C) maintaining fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer (D) attaching to the cytoskeleton

8. Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP? (A) an anabolic steroid (B) a DNA helix (C) an RNA nucleotide (D) an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached

9. What are the end products of glycolysis? (A) CO2 and H2O (B) CO2 and pyruvate (C) NADH and pyruvate (D) CO2 and NADH

10. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion? (A) active transport (B) diffusion (C) facilitated diffusion (D) through a channel

11. Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? (A) It is converted to NAD+ (B) It produces CO2 and water (C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate (D) It is converted to alcohol

12. Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways? (A) It sends its signal molecules through the blood (B) It sends its signal molecules quite a distance (C) It requires calcium ions (D) It requires binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor

13. If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to (A) design a compound that mimics epinephrine and can bind to the epinephrine receptor (B) design a compound that stimulates cAMP production in liver cells (C) design a compound to stimulate G protein activity in liver cells (D) design a compound that increases phosphodiesterase activity

14. Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of (A) phosphorylated proteins (B) GTP (C) cAMP (D) adenylyl cyclase

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