6. In mitochondria, where does the energy that drives ATP synthesis come from?
(A) the proton gradient
(B) and FAD
(C) the electron gradient
(D) the oxidation states of the complexes
(E) molecular oxygen

1. The following statements about cholesterol are true EXCEPT: (A) It is amphipathic (B) It is the precursors for all other animal steroids. (C) It is derived from terpenes (D) It contains four 6-membered rings (E) It is a component of animal plasma membrane

2. The following statements about membrane transport are true EXCEPT: (A) Oxygen molecules can pass through the membrane spontaneously (B) Active transport absolutely requires ATP hydrolysis (C) Facilitated diffusion can be saturated by substrates (D) The transport rate of facilitated diffusion usually is much faster than the rate of active transport (E) Conformational changes and energy consumption are coupled in the transport cycle of active transporters

3. Which of the following statements about phospholipids is TRUE: (A) Phosphatidic acid can be degraded into lysophospholipids by phospholipase D (B) Phosphatidylserine is the major component of the plasma membrane, especially in the outer leaflet (C) Phospholipase A2 can cleave phosphatidic acids to produce chemical signals (D)Phosphatidylinositol can be cleaved by phospholipase A1 to produce diacylglycerol and inositol phosphate (E) Phosphatidic acid is the precursors for all phospholipids

4. What is the glycosidic linkage that joins this disaccharide? (A) α-1, 4 (B)1, β-2 (C) 3, α-1 (D) α4, 1 (Ε) β-1, 4

5. Which of the following statements about the secondary structure of proteins is TRUE. (A) Proline is a helix breaker (B) The origin of helix dipoles comes from the hydrogen bonds between the side chains of polypeptides (C) The parallel β sheets have a better hydrogen bond geometry than the antiparallel β sheets (D) The a helix contains 10 atoms per turn (E) The N-terminus of the a helix can be stabilized by lysine residues

7. Complex I and Complex II produce a common product which is: (A) (B) FAD (C) reduced coenzyme Q (D) reduced cyt c (E) reduced O2

8. All are physiological changes initiated by glucagon EXCEPT: (A) activation of glycogenolysis in liver (B) stimulation of liver gluconeogenesis (C) long-term maintenance of steady-state levels of glucose in the blood stream (D) activation of glycogenolysis in muscles (E) all are true

9. Entropy change, △S, is (A) the sum of heat absorbed and work (B) not a thermodynamic state function (C) a measure of disorder in a system (D) determined by pressure change at a constant temperature (E) equal to the heat transferred at constant pressure and volume

10. The amino acid with a side-chain pKa near neutrality and which therefore plays an important role as proton donor and acceptor in many enzyme catalyzed reactions is: (A) histidine (B) cysteine (C) proline (D) serine (E) methionine

11. All of the following are characteristics of phenylketonuria EXCEPT: (A) excretion of phenylpyruvate (B) air oxidation causes urine to turn dark on standing (C) treated by putting patient on a diet low in phenylalanine (D) untreated patients suffer severe mental retardation (E) deficiency or defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase

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