7. According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT
(A) They formed a distinct upper class.
(B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings.
(C) Some of them worked as professionals or in business.
(D) Most of them accumulate their own fortunes.
(E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the probable attitudes of many voters in the general population to the ideas initially put forth by a third party could best be described as (A) shocked and disbelieving (B) confused and indecisive (C) curious and open-minded (D) suspicious and disapproving (E) apathetic and cynical

4. It can be inferred that the Republican Party was successful in establishing itself as a major party because (A) its political program became essentially non-doctrinal in character (B) the Whigs were unsuccessful in their attempts to steal from the Republican platform (C) it was able to abandon its traditional opposition to slavery without alienating its regular supporters (D) a more established party was simultaneously in decline (E) it benefited from the experience of previous third parties that had undergone similar transformations

5. The author’s description of the U.S. electoral system suggests that it (A) allows less flexibility than more centralized systems (B) makes the Federal government less important politically than state and local governments (C) often results in the dominance of third parties in distinct or isolated geographic areas (D) frequently polarizes the electorate around divisive social and economic issues (E) fails to represent voters who would be represented in some other electoral systems

6. The author of this passage is concerned primarily with (A)suggestion an appropriate role for third parties in U.S. politics (B) discussing the decline of third-party movements in U.S. history (C) explaining why third-party movements in the U.S. have failed to gain national power (D) describing the traditionally non-ideological character of U.S. political parties (E) suggesting ways in which peripheral parties may increase their influence

8. The author’s attitude toward Pessen’s presentation of statistics can be best described as (A) disapproving (B) shocked (C) suspicious (D) amused (E) laudatory

9. Which of the following best states the author’s main point? (A) Pessen’s study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth century America. (B) Tocqueville’s analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account of this period. (C) Pessen’s study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century. (D) The social patterns and political power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 are well documented. (E) Pessen challenges a view of the social and economic system in the United States from 1825 to 1850, but he draws conclusions that re incorrect.

10. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis (B) introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis (C) describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis (D) analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism (E) explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival

11. According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen (A) increases the organism’s need for ATP (B) reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues (C) is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP (D) ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily (E) is the material from which ATP is derived

12. According to the author, major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can (A) produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert (B) necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in a large animals (C) produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals (D) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need (E) reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism

13. The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate’s size because (A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates (B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates (C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size (D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size (E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize