8. Which of the following is NOT the acceptable statement about the definition of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) without identified pathology?
(A) menstrual pelvic pain of 6 or more months’ duration
(B) severe enough to cause functional disability or to require medical or surgical treatment
(C) non-opioid analgesics are the typical first step of treatment
(D) the use of opioids is controversial
(E) the best evidence-based treatment of patients with CPP is multidisciplinary care

4. A patient had chronic pain over the neck, medial scapula, anterior chest, medial aspect of arm and forearm. Hormer's syndrome was also noted. Which root compression is the most likely？ (A)C5 root compression (B) C6 root compression (C) C7 root compression (D)C8 root compression (E) T1 root compression

5. A patient suffered from chronic low back pain with radiating to buttock, poster lateral thigh and lateral aspect of lower leg. Muscle weakness was observed in the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior. Which lumbosacral root compression is the most likely？ (A) L2 root compression (B) L3 root compression (C) L4 root compression (D) L5 root compression (E) S1 root compression

6.下列哪種癌症病人最不易出現骨骼轉移的疼痛？ (A)乳癌 (B)前列腺癌 (C)肺癌 (D)肝癌

7.下列有關針灸的敘述何者正確？ (A)中醫針灸的理論基礎是源起於道教的觀念 (B)目前醫學界認為針灸造成的止痛作用是 placebo effect (C)目前醫學界認為針灸造成的止痛作用主要是 psychological effect (D)針灸對 neuropathic pain 無效益 (E)以上皆正確

9. Visceral pain has the following properties except: (A) It is diffuse and poorly localized. (B) It is referral pain and not felt at the source. (C) It is produced by stimuli different from those adequate for activation of somatic nociceptors. (D) It is characterized by distinct sensations. (E) It is associated with strong emotional and autonomic responses.

10. Allodynia can be defined as: (A) hypersensitivity to a painful stimulus (B) summation of mildly painful stimuli that causes severe pain (C) pain caused by a nonpainful stimulus (D) pain present in an area of numbness

11. A 26-year-old weight lifter felt a sharp pain in the neck, radiating to the dorsal aspect of the forearm during his workout. Over the next few days he noted progressive numbness of the thumb and index finger. He also complained of decreased ability to perform bicep curls. On examination by his primary care doctor, a markedly diminished biceps reflex was found. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s problem? (A) Facture C5 vertebra (B) C5-C6 disc protrusion (C) Facet syndrome at C5-6 (D) Compression of the C5 nerve root by an osteophyte

12. Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus) occurs when herpes zoster involves the: (A) gasserain ganglion (B) geniculate ganglion (C) ciliary ganglion (D) sphenopalatine ganglion (E) trigeminal nerve

13. A 52-year-old man complains of a sudden onset of severe, stabbing pain in the left jaw and cheek that subsides in less than a minute. He is pain-free during the intervals between attacks. Activities such as combing his hair and shaving can cause the onset of this facial pain. He is otherwise healthy. The most likely diagnosis is (A) trigeminal neuralgia (B) atypical facial pain (C) postherpetic neuralgia (D) vascular facial pain

14.疾病和傷害經常造成疼痛及痛覺過敏(hyperalgesia)其中有一部份起源於發炎介質(inflammatory mediators)在週邊神經末稍的作用下影響相關之敘述何者是錯誤的? (A)這些介質除了 arachidonic acid metabolites； bradykinin 還有如 ATP 及 NO 之小分子。 (B)如 TNF，IL1 和 NGF 也和疼痛有關。 (C)可以經由活化 Nociceptive terminals。 (D)可以經由 nociceptors 基因表現的調節。 (E) CNS 無此類發炎介質引起之疼痛作用。