(c)請繪圖並說明何謂Ekman Pumig? (5分)

(a)請說明以下簡化之位渦方程式之物理含義。 (5分)

(b)根據上式,在颱風眼牆對流區中,潜熱釋放如何造成位渦之變化?(5分)

(a)假設vg=0，請推導出Ekman Boundary Layer 的u，v分佈為 (10分)

(b)請繪圖並說明何謂Ekman Soiral? (5分)

6.請說明準地轉系統中有關Rossby number，AspectratoCoriolis parameter的核心假設為何? (5分)

(a)請說明什麼是”再分析(reanalysis)資料"(8分)

(b)請從再分析資料的特性、雨量站觀測的特性、以及此類強降水事件的特性等不同面向 說明圖2上下兩個時間序列有差異的可能原因。(12分)

(1) Please define GPP. NPP, NEP respectively. (9 pt)

(2) Scientists use eddy-covariance tower to measure Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), which is a measure of CO2 fuxes between the ecosystem and its surro ounding environments. Does NEE equal to GPP or NPP or NEP? Why? (6 pt)

(3) View the latitudinal distribution of the global NPP below. A is global average, B is land average, and C is ocean average. Different lines indicate different seasons as explained in the figure captions. Please describe the latitudinal distribution patterns for NPP for land (5 pt) and ocean (5 pt) respectively. You may have noticed that for both land and ocean NPP. there is a local minimum around 20-30 degree N/S. Do they have similar or different reasons? Please explain. (10 pt)