申論題

三、請以中文先摘述說明下文的大意，並加以申述評析之。
        One key policy technology of the new educational policy reforms, performativity, is defined as a ‘… mode of regulation that employs judgements, comparisons and displays as a means of incentive, control, attrition and change based on rewards and sanctions (both material and symbolic)’ (Ball 2003, 216). According to Ball (2003), the technology of performativity reduces complex social processes into numerical categories so that quality schooling is measured by the numbers game of student performance on high-stakes standardised testing. Moreover, the ‘mechanics of performativity’ introduces new modes of invisible social control through data generating monitoring systems including ‘the appraisal meeting, the annual review, report writing, the regular publication of results and promotion applications, inspections and peer reviews’ (Ball 2005, 220). The shaping up and management of performance to meet the demands of external requirements, according to Ball (2003, 222), may produce a ‘spectacle, or game-playing, or cynical compliance, or what one might see as an “enacted fantasy” (Butler 1990), which is there simply to be seen and judged – a fabrication’.