二、簡答題(10分)
1. With the help of a diagram, please describe how mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated.

4.What are ketone bodies and why do they form during starvation? 

3. What process must dietary triacylglycerols go through to be absorbed by intestines and utilized? 

(4) Compound X is an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. It was observed that when compound X was added to cells, the NAD*/NADH ratio decreased. Would you expect X to be an uncoupling agent or an inhibitor of the respiratory chain? Please explain. 

(3) After the first reaction releasing CO2, the following oxidation in the mitochondria generates the bulk of the ATP. Please concisely describe the process how the oxidation energy is captured and converted into ATP. 

(2) Under aerobic conditions, all six carbons of glucose are oxidized to CO2. What is the first reaction that releases CO2? (Please include the name of the enzyme.) 

(1) Does this mean that anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is a wasteful use of glucose? Please explain. 

(7) The enzyme has three substrates, including substrate A, B & C. The K, of substrate A, B and C to the enzyme is 8 nM, 50 nM and 4 mM, respectively. Among these three substrates, which one has the best reaction with the enzyme? Why? 

(6) When the protein is resolved on the Native-PAGE followed by CBR staining, three protein bands are observed on the gel. Please explain these three protein bands. 

(5) When the protein is resolved on the sodium dodecył sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie brilliant blue R250 (CBR) staining, only a protein band around 55 kDa is observed on the gel. Do you think the result match the predicted molecular weight of the protein from (4)? If not, please explain the possible reason for that. In addition, which experiment would confirm that? 

(4) The protein is composed of 420 amino acids.What is the approximate molecular weight of the protein?

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