1. Mutations in the coding sequence of a gene can lead to amino acid substitutions in the resulting protein. Explain how such mutations could cause a loss or alteration of protein function. (簡答題)

4. In biochemistry, the non-protein components required for enzymatic activity are collectively known as cofactors. Without these components, the protein part of the enzyme (called the apoenzyme) is catalytically inactive. The classification of these components is generally broken down into three main categories based on their chemical nature and the strength of their bond to the enzyme. What are these three categories of non-protein components? Give one example to each category.

1. Mutations in the coding sequence of a gene can lead to amino acid substitutions in the resulting protein. Explain how such mutations could cause a loss or alteration of protein function. (簡答題)

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