1. Please list three kinds of the most typical post-translation modification on protein and explain it in detail. (15%)

2. What changes are caused in the various steps of oxidative phosphorylation when mitochondria are treated with the following compounds: (1) KCN; (2) 2,4-dinitrophenol; (3) oligomycin. (15%)

3. Please plot the structure of arachidonic acid (C20:4Δ6). Please depict how arachidonic acid is synthesized from linoleic acid (C18:2Δ6) in mammals. Please describe your answer including "Δ5 desaturase”, “Δ6 desaturase”, and “elongation". Please define the structure of each intermediate. (15%)

4. Please compare the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I and II according to their substrates; intracellular locations; involved pathways; key reactions? (15%)

5. The transformation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is a major energy production process. Pleases fill the blanks in the summary table of cell respiration below.

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited, hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe the function of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

(2) In addition, please draw the amino acid and describe the characteristics of the amino acid residue.

3. (1) Which amino acid residue is often found in the active sites of enzymes?

2. What is the "specific activity" of the enzyme? Please describe it.

(3) In addition, antibodies have various applications. Please list and describe two techniques using antibodies.

(2) What kind of the reagent can break the disulfide bond?

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