3. Monosaccharides can have many stereoisomers. (A) How many stereoisomers are possible for the ketopentose?(B) How many L-stercoisomers can the aldopentose have?

2. Please explain under which condition, lactate would be formed in muscle and how the lactate in muscle can be recycled to glucose in the liver. Please explain your answer based on [NADP] and [NAD+ in muscles and liver.

4. Positive-inside rule is used to facilitate the determination of membrane protein's orientation. (A) Please explain what the positive-inside rule is? (B) What feature of the plasma membrane leads to this rule?

Part2問答題(每十分,共四十分請在【答案卷】務必依序作答) 1. Please explain the process of how human body synthesize Oleic acid, C18:1, A9. Please include the steps of lipid elongation process, Acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH and 09 desaturase in your explanation.

5. The transformation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is a major energy production process. Pleases fill the blanks in thesummary table of cell respiration below.

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe andGregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited,hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe thefunction of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

(2) In addition, please draw the amino acid and describe the characteristics of the amino acid residue.

3. (1) Which amino acid residue is often found in the active sites of enzymes?

2. What is the "specific activity" of the enzyme? Please describe it.

(3) In addition, antibodies have various applications. Please list and describe two techniques using antibodies.

(2) What kind of the reagent can break the disulfide bond?

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