4.  Please briefly describe the similarities and differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.

3. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising vehicles for drug delivery. The latest successful use of LNPs is the recently approved COVID-19 vaccines by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. One ofthe main components in the LNPs of these two vaccines is a synthetic ionizable cationic lipid. What is the central role of the ionizable cationic lipid in these two COVID-19 vaccines?

4. Please briefly describe the similarities and differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.

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