4. Write the balanced equations for all the irreversible reactions of glycolysis. (10%)

1. Write FOUR approaches how enzymes' activity can be regulated in response to organism's physiological needs and give examples. (10%)

(a) How does inhibitor bind enzyme? (do they compete the same site with the substrate, or substrate and inhibitor bind different sites, or inhibitor binds the enzyme only when substrate binds the enzyme) (4%)

(b) which of the following is its "apparent Km", Km', under different [I] concentration ? Km'= Km (1+[I]/K₁), or Km'= Km, or Km'= Km/(1+[I]/K1) (3%)

(c) Please describe how you can do experiments to determine the potency of the inhibitor, Kı (the lower the Kı, the stronger the inhibitor) (3%)

3. Write down the sequence of the electron transport components from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. (Hint: electron transport of photosystem I.) (10%)

5. What is peptide mass fingerprinting in mass spectrometry analysis? How can it be used for protein identification in proteomics? (10%)

6. Glucose-6-phosphate is an important metabolic intermediate in liver. What are the metabolic roles / fates of Glucose-6-phosphate? (10 %)

5. The transformation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is a major energy production process. Pleases fill the blanks in thesummary table of cell respiration below.

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe andGregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited,hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe thefunction of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

(2) In addition, please draw the amino acid and describe the characteristics of the amino acid residue.

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