5. What is immunological tolerance?

二、簡答題   1. Explain the process of naive T cell activation. What is the significance of co-stimulation in this process?

2. CD4+ T cells differentiate into various effector subsets with specialized functions. Describe the main types of CD4+ effector T cells and their roles in the immune response?

3. CAR T cell therapy is a revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. Explain how this immunotherapy works, including the modification of T cells and their mechanism of action against tumor cells.

4. The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is crucial for antigen recognition. Describe the key components of this complex and their respective functions.

6. The smallpox virus circulated and plagued the human population for many centuries until 1979, thanks to the advent of effective vaccines developed by Dr. Edward Jenner using the skin material of a milkmaid infected by the cowpox virus. Please describe the principle of vaccination against viral infection. Please describe the potential mechanisms of how the cowpox virus vaccine protects humans from smallpox virus infection. (4 points) If you were to develop a new version of the smallpox virus vaccine using current technology, which approach would you take and why?

7. Both innate and adaptive immunity are critical for combating the infections of pathogens. Please compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity concerning specificity, diversity and components.Dr. Lee recently identified a new type of immune cells. Please help him design two experiments to determine if this cell either belongs to the innate or adaptive immune system.

4.Activation of naïve T cells by antigen-presenting cells is the hallmark of cellular immunity. Please describe the three kinds of signals and their effects that are involved in the activation of naïve T cells. 

3.Please describe 3 main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

2.What four processes contribute to the generation of the vast diversity of antibodies and B cell receptors? 

1. What is the role of dendritic cells in initiating adaptive immune responses? If viruses such as HSV or influenza do ot dis not directly infect dendritic cells, how are virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses activated?

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