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7. Please briefly explain the meaning of the following abstract and describe what your next step would be if you were the author?"Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils poses a sicant threat to rice, which exhibits highly complex genetic mechanisms for both extemal detoxification and internal tolerance among cereal crops. several genes involved Al tolerance have been identified, the molecular mechar underlying Al tolerance in rice remain to be fully explored. Here, we functionally characterized the gibberellin-stimulated transcription gene OsGASRI, which encodes a small cysteine-rich peptide localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm and plays a significant role in AI tolerance in rice. The expression ASR1 is rapidly up-regulated by Al in rice root tips but not in the shoots. Its expression requlated by the central regulator Aluminum Resistance Transcription Factor 1 (ART), indicating that OsGASR1 functions as a novel gene in rice Al resistance independent of ART1. Knockout of OsGASR1 reduced root length but did not affect Al tolerance in rice, whereas overexpression of OsGASR1 enhanced tolerance without affecting Al distribution and accumulation and promoted the accu reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the root tips. RNA-seg analysis revealed that overexpression of OsGASR1 uprequlated the expression of genes associated with cell wall modification, oxidative stress, AI tolerance. Collectively, these findings suggest that OsGASR1 is involved in Al tole dently of ART1, and the up-regulation of this gene is necessary for rice Al tolerance. i. 2025 Jan:350:112294. doi: 10.1016/j plantsci.2024.112294. Epub 2024 Oct 15.)

6. Plants have various types of interactions with other organisms. Provide examples of common alistic, parasitic, and competive relationships between plants and other organisms, and explain these relationships affect plant survival and evolution. (15 point)

5.Genetic variation is the basis of evolution. Discuss the main mechanisms that generate genetic variation in plants, including mutation, genetic recombination, and chromosomal variation. Explain how genetic variation plays a role in plant evolution. (15 point)

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19 下列何者是公共政策合法化的主要場域? (A)最高檢察署 (B)立法院 (C)政風機構 (D)公共政策參與平台

31. 「他拗不過大家的想法,只能悻悻然離去。」一句中「悻悻」的意涵,下列何者最合適? (A)尷尬窘迫 (B)憤恨難平 (C)不以為然 (D)剛愎固執

10 「他拗不過大家的想法,只能悻悻然離去。」一句中「悻悻」的意涵,下列何者最合適? (A)尷尬窘迫 (B)憤恨難平 (C)不以為然 (D)剛愎固執

23 下列關於刑事訴訟法中第一審審判之敘述,何者正確? (A)為保障當事人權益,法院於審判期日前,不得調取或命提出證物 (B)法院就被告本人之案件調查共同被告時,該共同被告準用有關被告之規定 (C)告訴人得於審判中委任代理人到場陳述意見。但法院認為必要時,得命本人到場 (D)審判期日參與之法官如有更易者,應更新審判程序。參與審判期日前準備程序之法官有更易者,亦同

24 關於刑事訴訟法中的被害人訴訟參與程序,下列敘述,何者正確? (A)訴訟參與人得選任代理人,但應於準備程序終止前提出於法院 (B)訴訟參與人之代理人,無論是否為律師,均得代理訴訟參與人於審判中檢閱卷宗及證物並得抄錄、重製或攝影 (C)聲請訴訟參與,應於每審級向法院提出聲請書狀 (D)無代理人之訴訟參與人於審判中得預納費用請求付與卷宗及證物之影本,法院不得限制之