複選題

8. Some small molecules that carry signals inside living cells are called second messengers. Which of the followings are second messenger(s)?
(A) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
(B) Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
(C) Nitric oxide
(D) Potassium (K⁺)
(E) Cyclic AMP (CAMP)

4. What is the final 3-carbon product of the glycolytic pathway in cytoplasm? (A)Oxaloacetate (B)Pyruvate (C)a-ketoglutarate (D)Succinate (E) Malate

5. Which of the followings are NOT included in eukaryotic mRNA processing? (A) 5'-capping (B) RNA editing (C) 3' polyadenylation (D) Splicing (E) 5'-triphosphate

複選題6. Which of the following statements regarding "Protein Synthesis" are CORRECT? (A)Ribosomes use the information carried by mRNA to make proteins. (B) Proteins are linear polymers made from amino acids. Most proteins fold into complex 3D structures. (C) Each amino acid in a protein is encoded by three bases in the DNA or RNA sequence. (D) In protein synthesis, the anticodon of rRNA recognizes the codon on mRNA by base pairing. (E) Since the genetic code is read in groups of three bases, any nucleic acid sequence contains three possible reading frames.

複選題7. Which of the following statements regarding "Mitochondria and ATP" are CORRECT? (A) Mitochondria use energy extracted from the chemical bonds of nutrients to generate a proton gradient across the inner membrane. (B) Energetic electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 drive an electron transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (C) Mitochondria synthesizes of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. (D) Glycolysis also produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. (E)Citric acid cycle of energy-yielding reactions occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

複選題9. Which of the following statements regarding "Glycosylation" is CORRECT? (A) The sugar-modified molecules, called glycoproteins and glycolipids, constitute the majority of cell surface and extracellular proteins and lipids. (B) Golgi apparatus plays an important role in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. (C) The N-linked sugar chains are added to asparagine residues of the protein in the ER. (D) The O-linked sugar chains are added to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine residues of a proteoglycan core protein. (E) Glycosyltransferases add specific sugar residues to glycans, while glycosidases remove specific sugar residues.

複選題10. Which of the following statements regarding "Transcription of RNA" are CORRECT? (A) RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA and several snRNAs involved in RNA splicing in the nucleoplasm. (B) Initiation of transcription requires RNA polymerase loading onto the chromosome at the promoter of a gene or operon. (C) Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II and III promoter sequences are all situated upstream of the transcription start site. (D) In addition to RNA polymerases, RNA transcription in eukaryotes also requires multiple initiation factors termed general transcription factors (GTFs). (E)The end of a gene is marked by a terminator sequence that forms a hairpin structure in the RNA.

11. The 5' End is potentially lost in replication of linear eukaryotic chromosomal DNA. Which molecules or structures are required to prevent the shortening of the 5'end of DNA? (A) DNA gyrase (B) Telomere (C) Telomerase (D) DNA polymerase (E)Helicase

複選題12. Which of the following statements regarding the "Eukaryotic Genome Organization" are CORRECT? (A) In humans, around 30% of the entire genome actually encodes proteins. (B) Non-coding DNA accounts for the majority of the DNA in higher animals and plants. (C) About 50% of the human genome is repeated sequences (or repetitive sequences). (D) Expressed genes are generally found within euchromatin. (E)Genes for ribosomal RNA are usually found in multiple copies.

13. Chromatin states created by histone modifications can be stably inherited through many rounds of cell division. The posttranslational modifications of histones include the following reactions EXCEPT FOR (A) Acetylation (B) Phosphorylation (C) Methylation (D) Ubiquitination (E) Glycosylation

14. When a change in the DNA base sequence that alters a codon so that one amino acid in a protein is replaced with a different amino acid. We call this mutation as (A) Nonsense mutation (B) Missense mutation (C) Synonymous mutation (D) Silent mutation. (E) Insertional mutation