12.The word “Notwithstanding” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding

8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that industrialization (A) increased the price of farm products (B) limited the need for new farm machinery (C) created new and interesting jobs on farms (D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work

9.What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming “capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive” (lines 23-24)? (A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines. (B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers. (C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities. (D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.

10. According to the passage, factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers (A) were required to be more creative (B) worked extensively with raw materials (C) changed jobs frequently (D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only

11.The passage mainly discusses how (A) birds prepare for breeding (B) bird feathers differ from species (C) birds shed and replace their feathers (D) birds are affected by seasonal changes

13.The word “intricate” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) regular (B) complex (C) interesting (D) important

14.The word “random” in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) unfortunate (B) unusual (C) unobservable (D) unpredictable

15.The word “optimal” in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) slow (B) frequent (C) best (D) early

16.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer? (A) Fewer predators are in the woods. (B) The weathers is still warm. (C) The songbirds have finished breeding. (D) Food is still available.

17. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by (A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers (B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time (C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers (D) only losing one-third of their feathers

18.The word “Others” in line 21 refers to (A) ducks (B) sides (C) species (D) flight feathers