What is not the view of the bottom-up approach to writing?
(A) It favors activities in which students engage in imitating and transforming models of correct language.
(B) Students should have mastered the language at the level of the sentence before they can be expected to write coherent paragraphs.
(C) It concentrates more on language at the level of discourse.
(D) It focuses on the end result of the writing process.

What cannot standardized tests tell or give? (A) What learners can and cannot do as a result of the instructional process. (B) Learners do not have the opportunities to develop their own ability to assess how much they had learned and how much they need to learn. (C) They do not reflect actual language use. (D) all of the above

What can affect pronunciation learning? (A) learners’ native language (B) amount of exposure (C) phonetic ability (D) all of the above

What difficulty will learners of tonal language have when learning a non-tonal language? (A) rhythm, stress, intonation and pitch contrasts (B) individual sounds (C) vowels (D) consonants

What is true about skilled and unskilled writers? (A) Skilled writers tend to focus on the mechanics of writing. (B) Unskilled writers are less able to anticipate the likely problems of the reader. (C) Skilled writers tend to limit themselves to teacher-generated rules and modifications of lexis. (D) Unskilled writers are much more aware of writing as a recursive activity.

What classroom technique will teachers not use according to the process approach to writing? (A) to encourage students to talk about their initial drafts with the teacher or fellow students (B) focus on both quantity and quality (correct forms) during the writing process (C) having collaborative group work to enhance motivation for writing (D) to generate ideas through brainstorming and oral discussion

What do researchers of top-down approach not agree about how listening works? (A) Listeners takes in and stores aural messages in much the same way as a tape recorder. (B) Listeners should be provided with a context for making sense of the text before they listen. (C) Listeners need to bring knowledge from outside the text to the task of interpreting and comprehending the text itself. (D) Listeners store meaning, not linguistic forms when they comprehend messages.

What can maximize language learning? (A) active engagement (B) self-directed exploration (C) purposeful manipulation (D) all of the above

What does “whole person learning” mean? (A) Teachers should well estimate students’ intellect and design activities to actually meet their needs. (B) Teachers put great emphasis on student’s thinking processes or cognition, and help them discover the rules of the language they are acquiring. (C) Teachers should have understanding of the relationship among student’s feelings, physical reactions, and instinctive protective reactions. (D) None of the above.

Which can be best characterized as content-based instruction? (A) Whenever possible,‘authentic language’should be introduced. (B) Students learn through observing actions as well as by performing the actions themselves. (C) The students’ native language is used to make the meaning clear and to build a bridge from the known to the unknown. (D) The subject matter content is used for language teaching purposes.

Which can better meet teachers’ purpose when the focus of the course is on real language use? (A) A variety of linguistic forms are presented together for recitation. (B) Students put the scrambled sentences of the newspaper article in right order. (C) Substitution drills. (D) Students retell a story in different words.