104年 - 高雄醫學大學 104 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題#27054

1. Which organelle does not belong to the endomembrane system that functions in protein secretion? (A)Golgi apparatus (B)mitochondria (C)endoplasmic reticulum (D) nuclear envelope (E)secretory vesicle

2. Males afflicted with Kartagener’s syndrome are sterile because of immotile sperm, and they tend to suffer from lung infections. This disorder may be caused by a genetic defect on (A)keratin. (B)myosin. (C)dynein. (D) collagen. (E)fibronectin.

3. How might a plant cell compensate for the excessive membrane fluidity that occurs during prolonged exposures to elevated temperature? (A)Reduce membrane cholesterol content. (B)Alter the lipid composition to have more long and unsaturated fatty acyl tails. (C)Alter the lipid composition to have more short and saturated fatty acyl tails. (D) Alter the lipid composition to have more long and saturated fatty acyl tails. (E)Alter the lipid composition to have more short and unsaturated fatty acyl tails.

4. What transport protein might you expect to see in the membrane of a lysosome? (A)a proton pump (B)a sodium pump (C)a potassium pump (D) a calcium channel (E)a chloride channel

5. Which type of receptors also functions as a transcription factor? (A)G protein-coupled receptors (B)ligand-gated ion channels (C)steroid receptors (D) receptor tyrosine kinases (E)cytokine receptors

6. Which of the following would be an immediate result of growth factor binding to its receptor? (A)adenylyl cyclase activity (B)ATPase activity (C)phospholipase activity (D) protein kinase activity (E)protein phosphatase activity

7. During the redox reaction in glycolysis, ______ acts as the oxidizing agent and ______ acts as the reducing agent. (A)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, NADH (B)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, NAD+ (C)NADH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (D) NAD+, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (E)pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate

8. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? (A)glycolysis (B)oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (C)citric acid cycle (D) phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP (E)accepting electrons at the end of electron transport chain

9. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants such as cacti differ from standard C4 plants such as corn in which of the following way? (A)CAM plants minimize photorespiration whereas C4 plants do not. (B)CAM plants use both mesophyll and bundle sheath leaf cells for photosynthesis whereas C4 plants do not. (C)CAM plants are more efficient at producing sugar than C4 plants regardless of environmental conditions. (D) CAM plants produce a 4-carbon molecule in the first step of carbon fixation, but C4 plants do not. (E)CAM plants are limited to producing CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, while C4 plants produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle both during the day and at night.

10. All of the following occur during the mitotic (M) phase EXCEPT (A)cytokinesis. (B)fragmentation of nuclear envelope. (C)duplication of centrosome. (D) separation of sister chromatids. (E)condensing of chromosomes.

11. Which of the following is WRONG concerning cancer cells? (A)They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of cell division. (B)They do not exhibit anchorage dependence of cell division. (C)They can divide when growth factors are depleted. (D) They do not need cyclins and Cdks for cell division. (E)They can invade neighboring tissue and metastasize to another part of the body.

12. Which of the following is true concerning human sexual life cycle? (A)Gametes are produced by mitosis. (B)Gametes can divide by mitosis. (C)There is a multicellular haploid stage. (D) The zygote is the only diploid cells. (E)Fertilization and meiosis alternate.

13. The major way that meiosis II differs from mitosis is that (A)in meiosis II, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate. (B)in meiosis II, a synaptonemal complex is formed. (C)in meiosis II, homologous chromosomes separate. (D) in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. (E)in meiosis II, the cells are haploid.

14. John and Mary are planning to start a family. John was married once before, and he and his first wife had a child with cystic fibrosis. The brother of his current wife, Mary, died of cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that John and Mary will have a baby with cystic fibrosis? (Neither John, Mary, nor their parents have cystic fibrosis.) (A)1/4 (B)1/6 (C)1/8 (D) 1/12 (E)1/16

15. A rooster with gray features and a hen of the same phenotype produce 16 gray, 8 black, and 7 white chicks. What is the simplest explanation for the inheritance of these colors in chickens? (A)codominance (B)incomplete dominance (C)a multiple allelic system (D) sex linkage (E)epistasis

16. Karyotyping can be used to detect the following diseases EXCEPT (A)Klinefelter syndrome. (B)cri du chat (“cry of the cat”). (C)sickle-cell disease (D) chronic myelogenous leukemia (E)Down syndrome

17. Which of the following statements describes chromatin? (A)Heterochromatin is composed of DNA, whereas euchromatin is made of RNA. (B)Both heterochromatin and euchromatin are found in the cytoplasm. (C)Euchromatin is highly condensed, whereas heterochromatin is less compact. (D) Heterochromatin is not transcribed, whereas euchromatin is transcribed. (E)Only euchromatin is visible under the light microscope.

18. Which of the following would occur from a mutation in the gene's promoter region? (A)The sequence of the mRNA would change. (B)The degradation rate of the mRNA would change. (C)The synthesis rate of the mRNA would change. (D) The splicing of the pre-mRNA would change. (E)The amino acid sequence of the translated protein would change.

19. Based on the gene and protein sequences that follow, what type of mutation-polypeptide effect has occurred? Normal gene: ATGGCCGGCACCGAAAGAGACC Mutated gene: ATGGCCGGCCCGAAAGAGACC Normal protein: Met-Ala-Gly-Thr-Glu-Arg-Asp Mutated protein: Met-Ala-Gly-Pro-Lys-Glu-Thr (A)nucleotide deletion-nonsense (B)nucleotide deletion-missense (C)nucleotide deletion-frameshift (D) nucleotide insertion- missense (E)nucleotide insertion-frameshift

20. A mutation causes a gene to become overactive, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth. Which term best describes this mutated gene? (A)malignant gene (B)metastatic gene (C)tumor-suppressor gene (D) oncogene (E)proto-oncogene

21. Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of DNA? (A)It is faster to make several smaller fragments than one larger fragment. (B)It is more efficient to make several shorter strands than one longer strand of DNA. (C)There is not enough DNA ligase for linking Okazaki fragments together if they were produced from both DNA strands. (D) The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction only. (E)By having one leading strand and one lagging strand the cell will need less amounts of DNA polymerase.

22. Humans have fewer than 21,000 genes, but human cells can make 75,000-100,000 different proteins. This is mostly due to (A)polyribosome translation (B)alternative splicing (C)epigenetic inheritance (D) gene amplification (E)DNA methylation

23. Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression by the following mechanisms EXCEPT (A)protein degradation (B)mRNA degradation (C)translation inhibition (D) heterochromatin formation (E)none of the above

24. Which of the following is WRONG concerning BRCA1 gene? (A)BRCA1 gene is considered to be a tumor-suppressor gene. (B)The wide-type BRCA1 allele protects against breast cancer. (C)The mutant BRCA1 allele is recessive. (D) The BRCA1 protein appears to function in the cell’s DNA damage repair pathway. (E)A woman who inherits two mutant BRCA1 allele has a 60% probability of developing breast cancer before the age of 50.

25. Why is the production of transgenic plants somewhat easier than the production of transgenic animals? (A)Plant cells are pluripotent. (B)Plant cells are totipotent. (C)Plant cells are more stable than animal cells. (D) Plant cells readily take up vectors, whereas animal cells do not. (E)Plant cells are more differentiated.

26. In what type of environment is a scientist most likely to find examples of ongoing speciation? (A)areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as mountains and valleys (B)extreme physical environments that are marginal for supporting life (C)areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of animals (D) areas that have undergone recent environmental disturbance or change (E)areas that are already species-rich

27. Why do some scientists believe that RNA, rather than DNA, was the first genetic material? (A)All the proto-cells on early Earth contained RNA. (B)RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. (C)RNA could have evolved into DNA. (D) RNA can replicate more accurately than DNA. (E)RNA has both information storage and catalytic properties.

28. If the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells resulted from endosymbiosis, what features might we expect these organelles to contain? (A)nucleus, DNA, and ribosomes (B)plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes (C)plasma membrane, nucleus, and ribosomes (D) plasma membrane, nucleus, and flagella (E)nucleus, ribosomes, and flagella

29. The plastids of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae EXCEPT (A)green algae (B)brown algae (C)golden algae (D) diatoms (E)dinoflagellates

複選題
30. The presence of which class of biological molecules would allow you to distinguish between an adenovirus and an influenza virus? (A)DNA (B)RNA (C)proteins (D) phospholipids (E)glycoproteins

31. Azidothymidine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog used to treat HIV infections. Which step does AZT hamper in the reproductive cycle of the HIV virus? (A)viral entry into the cell (B)transcription of RNA from proviral DNA (C)synthesis of DNA from viral RNA by reverse transcriptase (D) viral assembly within the cell (E)viral budding from the cell

32. Adaptations that have contributed to the success of plants in terrestrial environments include seeds, vascular tissue, cuticle, and flowers. Which adaptations do gymnosperms have? (A)seeds, vascular tissue, cuticle (B)seeds, cuticle, flowers. (C)seeds, vascular tissue, flowers. (D) vascular tissue, cuticle, flowers. (E)seeds, vascular tissue, cuticle, flowers.

33. Many fungi produce antibiotics, for example, penicillin, that stop bacterial growth. Which is the evolutionary advantage to the fungus of secreting antibacterial chemicals? (A)defense: preventing bacteria from infecting the fungus (B)defense: preventing bacteria from killing fungal spores (C)predation: consuming the bacteria (D) symbiosis: attracting helpful bacteria (E)competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food

34. The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having (A)a body cavity or no body cavity. (B)radial or bilateral symmetry. (C)true tissues or no tissues. (D) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. (E)a well-defined head or no head.

35. Which of the following is NOT a defining trait of the phylum Chordata? (A)notochord (B)vertebrae (C)dorsal hollow nerve cord (D) pharyngeal slits (E)post anal tail

36. Which of the following is a plant growth response, not a behavioral response? (A)leaflet folding by Mimosa pudica upon being touched (B)closing of stomatal pores when the guard cells detect a certain concentration of abscisic acid (C)opening of the leaf’s stomatal pores during the day when sufficient water is available (D) de-etiolation of a plant shoot in response to sunlight (E)“sleep” movement of plant leaves at night to align them vertically

37. Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? (A)It prolongs embryonic development. (B)It provides insulation to conserve heat. (C)It has a shell that increases gas exchange. (D) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. (E)It allows internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

38. Which of the following organ systems is INCORRECTLY matched with its function? (A)digestive—food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) (B)excretory—disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood (C)skeletal—protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation (D) muscular—locomotion and other movement (E)nervous—coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

39. How would a decrease in the number of corticosteroid receptors in the hypothalamus affect levels of corticosteroids in the blood? (A)Blood levels will rise due to a failure in positive feedback. (B)Blood levels will rise due to a failure in negative feedback. (C)Blood levels will decline due to a failure in positive feedback. (D) Blood levels will decline due to a failure in negative feedback. (E)Blood levels will not change because there are no receptors to respond to corticosteroids.

40. A “complete digestive tract” differs from a gastrovascular cavity in that only the complete tract (A)has specialized compartments. (B)permits extracellular digestion. (C)allows elimination of undigested wastes. (D) has teeth and tentacles to help with ingestion. (E)uses its surface area for nutrient absorption.

41. Blood flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bloodstream of the host. The worm’s interstitial fluids are isoosmotic to the host’s blood, so which of these is true? (A)The worms lack flame bulbs. (B)The worms have flame bulbs whose role is to eliminate excess water that enters the worm. (C)The worms have flame bulbs whose role is to concentrate urine. (D) The worms have flame bulbs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes. (E)The worms have flame bulbs that absorb nutrients from the host.

42. In humans, oogenesis is completed (A)prior to ovulation. (B)after ovulation, but before the sperm enters the oocyte. (C)once the sperm penetrates the oocyte. (D) after the nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse. (E)during embryonic development.

43. Development must occur in the order of which of the following sequences? (A)morula  cleavage  gastrula  blastula (B)gastrula  morula  blastula  cleavage (C)cleavage  blastula  gastrula  morula 　　　 (D) cleavage  morula  blastula  gastrula (E)cleavage  gastrula  morula  blastula

44. In humans, identical twins are produced by the separation of cells during (A)organogenesis. (B)blastomere cleavage. (C)gastrulation. (D) pattern formation. (E)the development of notochord.

45. The exceptionally large diversity of antigen receptors found on B cells and T cells is mostly the result of (A)alternate splicing. (B)random mutations. (C)gene amplification. (D) recombinase activity. (E)clonal selection.

46. What is “matched” between donor tissue and recipient in order to increase likelihood of successful transplantation? (A)antigens (B)antibodies (C)allergens (D) MHC proteins (E)Toll-like receptors

47. Which combination of axon features should lead an axon to communicate with downstream cells most slowly? (A)An axon that is long, wide, and myelinated. (B)An axon that is long, thin, and nonmyelinated. (C)An axon that is short, wide, and myelinated. (D) An axon that is short, thin, and myelinated. (E)An axon that is short, thin, and nonmyelinated.

48. In vertebrate eyes, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy occurs most directly as the result of changes to (A)cyclin AMP. (B)cyclic GMP. (C)opsin. (D) retinal. (E)transducin.

49. Many distasteful insects are brightly colored. What type of behavior might help explain this? (A)spatial learning (B)associative learning (C)fixed action pattern (D) kinesis (E)habituation

50. Why are big, predatory animals rare? (A)they are highly territorial. (B)it takes a long time for big, predatory animals to evolve. (C)It’s hard for a big animal to move through dense vegetation. (D) It’s hard for an ecosystem to support many of them because so much energy is lost at each level of energy exchange. (E)overexploitation by humans has caused many predatory species to become endangered.

104年 - 高雄醫學大學 104 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題#27054

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