31. Azidothymidine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog used to treat HIV infections. Which step does AZT hamper in the reproductive cycle of the HIV virus?
(A)viral entry into the cell
(B)transcription of RNA from proviral DNA
(C)synthesis of DNA from viral RNA by reverse transcriptase
(D) viral assembly within the cell
(E)viral budding from the cell

1. Which organelle does not belong to the endomembrane system that functions in protein secretion? (A)Golgi apparatus (B)mitochondria (C)endoplasmic reticulum (D) nuclear envelope (E)secretory vesicle

2. Males afflicted with Kartagener’s syndrome are sterile because of immotile sperm, and they tend to suffer from lung infections. This disorder may be caused by a genetic defect on (A)keratin. (B)myosin. (C)dynein. (D) collagen. (E)fibronectin.

3. How might a plant cell compensate for the excessive membrane fluidity that occurs during prolonged exposures to elevated temperature? (A)Reduce membrane cholesterol content. (B)Alter the lipid composition to have more long and unsaturated fatty acyl tails. (C)Alter the lipid composition to have more short and saturated fatty acyl tails. (D) Alter the lipid composition to have more long and saturated fatty acyl tails. (E)Alter the lipid composition to have more short and unsaturated fatty acyl tails.

4. What transport protein might you expect to see in the membrane of a lysosome? (A)a proton pump (B)a sodium pump (C)a potassium pump (D) a calcium channel (E)a chloride channel

5. Which type of receptors also functions as a transcription factor? (A)G protein-coupled receptors (B)ligand-gated ion channels (C)steroid receptors (D) receptor tyrosine kinases (E)cytokine receptors

6. Which of the following would be an immediate result of growth factor binding to its receptor? (A)adenylyl cyclase activity (B)ATPase activity (C)phospholipase activity (D) protein kinase activity (E)protein phosphatase activity 

7. During the redox reaction in glycolysis, ______ acts as the oxidizing agent and ______ acts as the reducing agent. (A)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, NADH (B)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, NAD+ (C)NADH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (D) NAD+, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (E)pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate

8. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? (A)glycolysis (B)oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (C)citric acid cycle (D) phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP (E)accepting electrons at the end of electron transport chain

9. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants such as cacti differ from standard C4 plants such as corn in which of the following way? (A)CAM plants minimize photorespiration whereas C4 plants do not. (B)CAM plants use both mesophyll and bundle sheath leaf cells for photosynthesis whereas C4 plants do not. (C)CAM plants are more efficient at producing sugar than C4 plants regardless of environmental conditions. (D) CAM plants produce a 4-carbon molecule in the first step of carbon fixation, but C4 plants do not. (E)CAM plants are limited to producing CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, while C4 plants produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle both during the day and at night.

10. All of the following occur during the mitotic (M) phase EXCEPT (A)cytokinesis. (B)fragmentation of nuclear envelope. (C)duplication of centrosome. (D) separation of sister chromatids. (E)condensing of chromosomes.

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