111年 - 111 國立清華大學_碩士班考試入學試題_生命科學院甲組、丁組：微生物學#125319

1. Which statement is wrong for fungi and fungal diseases? (A) Ascomycota includes molds and yeasts. (B) Aspergillus species can cause aspergillosis and their main portal of entry to the host is the gastrointestinal tract. (C) Candida albicans is a member of the human normal microbiota, but can cause different diseases in immunocompromised individuals. (D) Basidiomycota includes many common mushrooms. (E) Zygomycetes are commonly used in pharmaceutical and food manufacturing.

2. Choose the wrong one from the following statements about bacteria. (A) In alpha-hemolysis, a green zone (incomplete hemolysis) was observed around a bacterial colony on blood agar. (B) Purple sulfur bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and are usually photolithoautotrophs. (C) Methylotrophs are proteobacteria that use one-carbon compounds as carbon and energy sources. (D) Nitrifying bacteria can oxidize either ammonium to nitrite or nitrate. (E) Members of the Staphylococcus genus are Gram-negative aerobic bacteria.

3. Please choose the correct statement from comparison among Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. (A) Both Archaea and Eukarya contain membrane-enclosed nucleus with nucleolus. (B) Gas vesicles are present in Eukarya, but not in Bacteria and Archaea. (C) Chemolithotrophy is only present in Bacteria, but is absent in Archaea and Eukarya. (D) Bacteria are sensitive to rifampicin, but Archaea are insensitive to rifampicin. (E) The cell wall of Bacteria and Archaea contain muramic acid, which is absent in Eukarya cell wall.

4. Which is correct regarding bacterial infections and diseases? (A) Yersinia pestis is a Gram-positive bacterium to cause plague. (B) Toxoid is used to describe the condition caused by bacterial toxins in the blood of the host. (C) Legionnaires' disease is caused by bacteria transmitted by arthropods. (D) Enterotoxic E.coli (ETEC) can penetrate and multiply within the intestinal epithelial cells to cause diarrhea. (E) Botulism is caused by ingesting the botulinum AB neurotoxin, not bacterial cells.

5. Choose a correct statement related to antimicrobial chemotherapy. (A) Fluoroquinolones block bacterial DNA replication, by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase II. (B) Tetracyclines are antibacterial drugs that can inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycans, the important component of bacterial cell wall. (C) Penicillins are bactericidal by inhibiting bacterial cell membrane synthesis. (D) Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics and can disrupt bacterial protein synthese. (E) The Bradford assay is commonly used to measure antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial drug.

6. What is the most convincing reason why "protists" are not considered to be a taxonomic group? (A) They are not cellular life forms. (B) They are too small to be included among the eukaryotes. (C) The group includes both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types. (D) The organisms often included in this group are very diverse and don't form a cohesive taxon. (E) They are present in diverse environments.

7. You discover a new microbe while working on a biological project. The microbe is taken to a lab that specializes in placing organisms in their correct phylogenic niche. In order to determine its evolutionary relatedness to other microbes, the lab carries out ______. (A) Small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) analysis (B) microscopic analysis (C) biochemical tests (D) DNA fingerprinting (E) mass spectrometry analysis

8. Small internal cell structures are best visualized with a ______. (A) light microscope (B) dark-field microscope (C) transmission electron microscope (D) scanning electron microscope (E) fluorescence microscope

9. Which of the following protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determine their cellular morphology or shape? (A) Plasma membrane (B) Peptidoglycan (C) Capsule (D) Gas vacuoles (E) Flagella

10. Motile bacteria have been placed in an environment with a gradient of a chemical attractant. Which of the following behaviors would you predict? (A) The bacteria will randomly switch back and forth between runs and tumbles. (B) The bacteria will only exhibit runs away from the chemical. (C) The bacteria will reduce tumbling frequency. (D) The bacteria will reduce run duration in the direction of the chemical. (E) The bacteria will both reduce tumbling frequency and increase run duration in the direction of the chemical.

11. You are studying a newly discovered prokaryotic microorganism and are attempting to determine whether it will be classified in the domain Bacteria or in the domain Archaea. All of the following would be helpful in making that distinction except ______. (A) sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA (B) type of membrane lipids (C) presence or absence of peptidoglycan in cell walls (D) presence or absence of double-stranded circular DNA genome (E) the assembly of flagella

12. At 4:00 p.m. a closed flask of sterile broth is inoculated with 10,000 cells. The lag phase lasts 1 hour. At 9:00 p.m. the log phase culture has a population of approximately 41 million cells. The mean generation time is calculated as ______. (A) 10 minutes (B) 20 minutes (C) 30 minutes (D) 40 minutes (E) 60 minutes

13. A microbiologist is trying to isolate a pathogen expected to be present in very small numbers from a stool specimen in which there are abundant normal microbiota. Which strategy would most likely accomplish this purpose? (A) Culture on enriched media (B) Culture on differential media (C) Culture in an anaerobe jar (D) Culture on selective agar followed by enrichment culture (E) Enrichment culture followed by culture on selective agar

14. Which of the following does not inhibit protein synthesis? (A) Tetracycline (B) Streptomycin (C) Penicillin (D) Erythromycin (E) Chloramphenicol

15. Which of the following is not true of coronaviruses? (A) Coronaviruses contain envelope (B) Coronaviruses are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. (C) Coronaviruses infect humans (D) Coronaviruses infect mammals (E) Coronaviruses infect avian species

16. Which of the following is not true of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? (A) COVID-19 is not pandemic disease (B) COVID-19 entry into human cells is mediated by a cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme (C) Patients infected with COVID-19 may cause cytokine storm in patients (D) COVID-19 may block interferon-stimulated genes expression (E) All of the choices are correct

17. Which is not true of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? (A) COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (B) Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes are more likely to develop serious illness (C) Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like chronic respiratory disease or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness (D) Get vaccinated when it's your turn and follow local guidance (E) All of the choices are correct

18. Which of the following is not true? (A) Viral envelopes are composed of lipids (B) Viral envelopes are composed of proteins (C) Viral envelopes are composed of carbohydrates (D) Viral envelopes are composed of nucleic acids (E) All of the choices are correct

19. The protein coat that encases viral genetic material is known as a (A) matrix (B) capsid (C) glycoprotein (D) lipid (E) All of the choices are correct

1. Antitoxin

2. Infection dose 50

3. Secondary metabolites

4. Psychrophile

5. Mycology

6. Siderophore

7. Decimal reduction time (D value)

8. Gram stain

9. Viral neutralization

10. Artificially acquired immunity

11. Antigenic determinant sites

12. Chronic infection

13. Viroid

14. SARS-COV-2 variants

15. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

1. Please explain what are autotrophic bacteria, auxotrophic bacteria and chemolithotrophic bacteria.

2. Why mycobacteria are acid-fast?

3. Why the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose is important?

IV. Long answer 問答題
1. Draw a diagram for the assembly of a flagellum in a typical Gram-negative bacterium and describe the mechanism of flagellar rotation and movement.