111年 - 111 國立清華大學_碩士班考試入學試題_生命科學院甲組、丁組：細胞生物學#125316

1. Which of the following is the smallest structure that would most likely be visible with a standard research-grade light microscope? (A) mitochondrion (B) double membrane of nucleus (C) ribosome (D) virus

2. In the fractionation of homogenized cells using differential centrifugation, which of the following will require the greatest speed to form pellets at the bottom of the tube? (A) nuclei (B) mitochondria (C) chloroplasts (D) ribosomes

3. Why a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can achieve a resolution of about 0.2 nanometers, whereas a standard light microscope has a maximum resolution of about 200 nanometers? (A) Glass lenses in light microscopes refract light, which reduces resolution. (B) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal. (C) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light. (D) The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size.

4. Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? (A) Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, while eukaryotic cells do not. (B) Eukaryotic cells have flagella, while prokaryotic cells do not. (C) Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. (D) Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

5. Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? (A) mitochondria (B) ribosomes (C) chloroplasts (D) endoplasmic reticulum

6. What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? (A) It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus. (B) It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA. (C) It synthesizes secreted proteins. (D) It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.

7. The nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a chemical treatment caused the lamina to disassemble, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence? (A) closing of nuclear pores (B) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division (C) a loss of genetic information from chromosomes (D) a change in the shape of the nucleus

8. A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely. (A) producing large quantities of proteins for secretion (B) producing large quantities of proteins in the cytosol (C) producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix (D) producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole

9. Which structure below is independent of the endomembrane system? (A) nuclear envelope (B) chloroplast (C) Golgi apparatus (D) endoplasmic reticulum

10. Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? (A) lysosome (B) mitochondrion (C) Golgi apparatus (D) peroxisome

11. Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _______. (A) chloroplasts (B) mitochondria (C) lysosomes (D) nuclei

12. The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _________. (A) endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell - the endosymbiont evolved into chloroplasts (B) endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic archaeal cell in a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen - the anaerobic archaea evolved into chloroplasts (C) endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell - the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria (D) evolution of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

13. Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through ________. (A) plasmodesmata (B) tight junctions (C) desmosomes (D) gap junctions

14. Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls? (A) desmosomes (B) gap junctions (C) plasmodesmata (D) tight junctions

15. The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following characteristics are common to all of these extracellular structures? (A) They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. (B) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. (C) They are constructed of materials that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell for assembly. (D) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.

16. Cilia and flagella bend because of _______. (A) conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally (B) a motor protein called radial spokes (C) contraction by myosin (D) a motor protein called dynein

17. Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to _______. (A) form cleavage furrows during cell division (B) migrate by amoeboid movement (C) separate chromosomes during cell division (D) maintain the shape of the nucleus

18. Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _______. (A) a bacterium, but not a eukaryote (B) an animal, but not a plant (C) nearly any eukaryotic organism (D) a plant, but not an animal

19. Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? (A) muscle cells (B) nerve cells (C) endocrine cells (D) phagocytic white blood cells

20. Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _______. (A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane (B) assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement (C) reinforcement of the pseudopod with intermediate filaments (D) localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules

二、問答題
1. (a) What are lipid rafts and (b) what are the cellular processes they are involved in ?

2. (a) What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

(b) What are the common functions of these three components?

(c) What are the specific functions of each cytoskeletal component?

3. How proteins are sorted by (a) co-translational transport and (b) post-translational transport?

4. What are (a) "smooth" endoplasmic reticulum and "rough" endoplasmic reticulum?(b) What are their main functions in the cell ?

5. (a) How proteins are transported into the nucleus?

(b) How mRNA is transported out of the nucleus?

6. (a) What is G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)?

(b) Take an example to explain how signal is transduced by GPCR.