111年 - 111 國立臺灣大學_轉學生招生考試：普通生物學(B)#125324

1. When classifying life-forms into increasingly inclusive groups, what is the correct hierarchy from small to bigger groups? (A). Genus, family, order, class, phylum (B). Phylum, order, class, family, genus (C). Order, class, family, genus, phylum (D). Genus, order, family, phylum, class (E). Phylum, class, order, family, genus

2. The extracellular matrix in animal cells is attached to membrane integrins by (A) Cholesterol (B) Proteoglycans (C) Collagen (D) Fibronectin (E) Microfilaments

3. The presence of which of the following distinguishes the protists, Paramecium, and Euglena? (A) Mitochondrial DNA (B) Lysosomes (C) Nuclear DNA (D) Glia cells (E) Chloroplasts

4. A competitive inhibitor in an enzymatic reaction (A) mimic the normal substrate (B) binds to the enzyme away from the active site (C) cannot bind to the active site of the enzyme (D) alters the shape of the enzyme making binding of the normal substrate impossible (E) both B and D are correct.

5. Cell signaling is of the paracrine type when (A) Immune cells secrete proteins which stimulates themselves to be activated. (B) endocrine cells secrete hormones (C) signaling cells secrete a regulator acting on a distant cell (D) signaling cells secrete a regulator acting on a nearby cell (E) none of above

6. What is an incorrect statement about brown fat? (A) It generates heat in hibemating animals (B) It generates heat from store fats without ATP production (C) It is made up cells packed with mitochondria (D) It is found in human body (E) It does not generate heat in human

7. Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of (A) evolution from mitochondria (B) fusion of plastids (C) origin of the plastids from archaea (D) secondary endosymbiosis (E) all of above

8. The evolution of complex multicellularity in eukaryotes (A) occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. (B) occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all multicellular eukaryotes. (C) occurred only once, in the animal lineage. (D) occurred independently in several eukaryotic lineages. (E) no evidence to support any of above statements.

9. Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? (A) slime molds (B) vascular plants (C) animals (D) mosses (E) archaea

10. The innermost layer of the root cortex is the (A) Core (B) pericycle (C) endodermis (D) pith (E) epidermis

11. Compared with a cell with few aquaporin proteins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporin proteins will have a (A) faster rate of osmosis (B) lower water potential (C) higher water potential (D) faster rate of active transport (E) both A and B are correct

12. A seed develops from an (A) ovum (B) embryo (C) ovule (D) ovary (E) oviduct

13. If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, which 24-hour cycle would prevent flowering? (A) 16 hours light/8 hours dark (B) 14 hours light/10 hours dark (C) 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark (D) 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark (E) all of above are flowering

14. Many endotherms use a countercurrent exchange system to conserve heat. How does this function? (A) Heat is transferred from arteries to veins against a thermal gradient. (B) Heat is transferred from veins to arteries against a thermal gradient. (C) Heat is transferred from arteries to veins along a thermal gradient. (D) Heat is transferred from veins to arteries along a thermal gradient. (E) Heat is transferred either from-veins-to-arteries or from-arteries-to-veins, as long as it is along a thermal gradient.

15. After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit his or her dietary intake of (A) protein (B) fat (C) sugar (D) starch (E) cellulose

16. Which of the following respiratory system is not closely associated with the blood supply? (A) the lung of a vertebrate (B) the gills of a fish (C) the tracheal system of an insect (D) the skin of an earthworm (E) none of above

17. Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? (A) the set of antibodies produced (B) the set of MHC molecules produced (C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced (D) the set of fingerprints for each person (E) the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

18. Contact of a sea urchin egg with signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief _. (A) mitosis (B) membrane depolarization (C) spermatogenesis (D) acrosomal reaction (E) endocytosis

19. Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by _. (A) periods of food availability (B) lunar cycles (C) magnetic fields (D) periods of daylight and darkness (E) moon lights

20. Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size? (A) 200 (B) 400 (C) 1250 (D) 1600 (E) 2100

1. alternation of generation

2. reverse transcription

3. ecological niche

4. action potential

5. CRISPR

6. second messengers

(1)請說明在新冠疫苗種類中 mRNA 疫苗的作用原理,為什麼可以讓受施打者產生對抗病毒的免疫力(5%)

(2)請比較此種 mRNA 疫苗與傳統死病毒疫苗和次蛋白疫苗的差異。(5%)