複選題
23. Which of the following can be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver?
(A) alanine,
(B) glutamic acid,
(C) glycerol,
(D) succinate,
(E) all of the above.

19. Which of the following will NOT change the Phosphorylases' activity? The energy level in our bodies. (A) Glucose-6-P (B) Caffeine (C) AMP (D) ADP (E) ATP

20. About hemoglobin, which of the following is NOT true? (A) It forms different intra/intermolecular hydrogen-bonding patterns in the 'T' and 'R' forms (B) It demonstrates a mixed KNF and MWC model (C) It binds oxygen weaker than myoglobin below the P50. (D) It is regulated by pH values (E) It transfers CO₂ to the lung via the oxygen binding pocket.

21. The following figure shows how Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is regulated. The catalytic subunits are controlled by: (A) allosteric control (B) zymogen control (C) covalent modification (D) intrasteric control (E) product inhibition.

22. Insulin in the bloodstream is a response to increased blood glucose, and: (A) stimulates gluconeogenesis, (B) inhibits glycolysis, (C) stimulates glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver, (D) stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver, (E) inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatase-1.

24. The primary storage form of lipid is ______ and it is normally stored in the ______. (A) phospholipid； liver, (B) cholesterol； muscles, (C) monoacylglycerol； adipocytes, (D) triacylglycerols； adipocytes, (E) triacylglycerols； liver.

25. Bile salts are important in the initial digestion of triacylglycerols in the intestine because they: (A) are coenzymes for pancreatic lipase, (B) convert the inactive lipase into the active form, (C) emulsify the triacylglycerol globules to produce greater surface area which will increase the activity of the lipase, (D) activate the cleavage at the C-2 position, (E) permit greater permeability of the triacylglycerols through the intestinal membrane.

26. For the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons, how many times must the β-oxidation cycle be repeated? (A) 4, (B) 7, (C) 8, (D) 6, (E) 16.

27. Hormones such as glucagon ______ glycolysis by activating CAMP-dependent protein kinase that will ______ pyruvate kinase to ______ the enzyme. (A) activate； carboxylate； activate, (B) activate； phosphorylate； activate, (C) activate； phosphorylate； inhibit, (D) inhibit； phosphorylate； inhibit, (E) inhibit； phosphorylate； activate.

28. All are important reasons to phosphorylate glucose in the first step of glycolysis EXCEPT: (A) the large positive free energy is required in getting the pathway started, (B) glucose-6-phosphate has a negative charge preventing transport out of the cell, (C) the concentration of free glucose in the cell is lowered favoring influx of glucose, (D) phosphorylation keeps the glucose in the cell.

29. A compound with a negative redox potential means it has (A) lower affinity for electron, (B) higher affinity for electron, (C) lower affinity for proton, (D) higher affinity for proton, (E) none of the above.