10. CO₂ enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the __________.
(A) cuticle
(B) epidermal trichomes
(C) walls of guard cells
(D) phloem
(E) stoma

1. The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? (A) removal of a water molecule (B) addition of a water molecule (C) formation of an ionic bond (D) formation of a hydrogen bond (E) removal of an electron

2. Cell membranes are asymmetrical. Which of the following is a most likely explanation? (A) The cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as epithelium. (B) Cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another. (C) Cell membrane proteins are determined as the membrane is being packaged in the ER and Golgi. (D) The inner leaflet and outer leaflet of membrane are predetermined by genes. (E) Proteins can only span cell membranes if they are hydrophobic.

3. The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ___________. (A) yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain (B) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water (C) combine with carbon, forming CO2 (D) combine with lactate, forming pyruvate (E) catalyze the reactions of glycolysis

複選題4. Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants? (A) They serve as accessory pigments. (B) They reflect orange light. (C) They cover the sensitive chromosomes of the plant. (D) They dissipate excessive light energy. (E) They take up toxins from the water.

5. Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of ________. (A) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I (B) the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm (C) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II (D) the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes (E) All of the above

6. Which of the following best describes siRNA? (A) a double-stranded RNA that is formed by cleavage of hairpin loops in a larger precursor (B) a single-stranded RNA that can, where it has internal complementary base pairs, fold into cloverlcaf patterns (C) a short double-stranded RNA, one of whose strands can complement and inactivate a sequence of mRNA (D) a portion of rRNA that allows it to bind to several ribosomal proteins in forming large or small subunits (E) a molecule, known as Dicer, that can degrade other mRNA sequences

7. Why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs than that of fly, Drosophila melanogaster? (A) The two insect species evolved at very different geologic eras. (B) Crickets have higher gene density. (C) Drosophila are more complex organisms. (D) Crickets must have more non-coding DNA. (E) Crickets must make many more proteins.

8. Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing _________. (A) non-random mating (B) geographic isolation (C) genetic drift (D) mutations (E) gene flow

9. Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false? (A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls. (B) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions. (C) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. (D) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection fom the environment. (E) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants.

11. Where and by which process are sperm cells formed in plants? (A) meiosis in pollen grains (B) meiosis in anthers (C) mitosis in male gametophyte pollen tube (D) mitosis in the micropyle (E) mitosis in the embryo sac

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