12. A genome is …
(A) All of the DNA in a cell.
(B) A haploid set of chromosomes plus one copy of any organelle DNA present.
(C) A haploid set of chromosomes.
(D) A diploid set of chromosomes.

8. Why might they be conducting such an experiment? (A) to find the location of this gene in the human genome (B) to collect population data that can be used to assess natural selection (C) to collect population data that can be used to study genetic drift (D) to find which of the students has which alleles

9. Their next two steps, in order, should be (A) electrophoresis of the fragments, followed by Southern blotting using a probe. (B) electrophoresis of the fragments followed by autoradiography. (C) use of a ligase that will anneal the pieces, followed by Southern blotting. (D) use of a fluorescent probe for the gene sequence, then electrophoresis.

10. In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to (A) a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene. (B) a Single nucleotide polymorhism marker. (C) a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. (D) the sticky end of a DNA fragment.

11. Double-stranded DNA absorbs less UV light than single-stranded DNA because: (A) base stacking in double-stranded DNA increases the absorbance of white light and causes a decrease in the amount of UV light it can absorb. This decrease in UV absorbance is called the hyperchromic effect. (B) the bases are on the inside of the helix, inaccessible to the UV light in double-stranded DNA. (C) in single-stranded DNA the bases are not interacting, which adds to the light already absorbed by the pentose rings. (D) of the hypochromic effect that results when hydrogen bonding and base stacking in double- stranded DNA limits resonance in the aromatic rings of the bases.

13. DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they (A) dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes. (B) can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells. (C) allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once. (D) allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time.

14. Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR? 1. The temperature decreased for primers hybridize to the target DNA. 2. The reaction mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double-stranded target DNA. 3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added. 4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA. (A) 3.4.2 (B)3,4,1,2 (C) 2,3,4 (D) 2,1,4 (E) 2,1,3,4

15. Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis? (A) neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA fragment (B) altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment (C) methylating the cytosine bases within the DNA fragment (D) increasing the length of the DNA fragment

16. At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' C C T A G G CT G CA AT C C 5' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (I) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence? (A) 3' G CCTAGG 5' (B)5' GCCUAGG 3' (C)5'ACGTTAGG3 (D)S' ACGUUAGG3'

17. Which of the following methods is effective for separating proteins on the basis of their net charge? (A) ion-exchange chromatography (B) gel-filtration chromatography (C) affinity chromatography (D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

18. A nucleosome forms hydrogen bonds with what part of the DNA? (A) with the phosphodiester backbone and with bases via the minor groove (B) only with bases via the major groove (C) only with bases via the minor groove (D) with the phosphodiester backbone and with bases via the major groove