16. At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' C C T A G G CT G CA AT C C 5' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (I) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence?
(A) 3' G CCTAGG 5'
(B)5' GCCUAGG 3'
(C)5'ACGTTAGG3
(D)S' ACGUUAGG3'

12. A genome is … (A) All of the DNA in a cell. (B) A haploid set of chromosomes plus one copy of any organelle DNA present. (C) A haploid set of chromosomes. (D) A diploid set of chromosomes.

13. DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they (A) dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes. (B) can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells. (C) allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once. (D) allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time.

14. Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR? 1. The temperature decreased for primers hybridize to the target DNA. 2. The reaction mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double-stranded target DNA. 3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added. 4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA. (A) 3.4.2 (B)3,4,1,2 (C) 2,3,4 (D) 2,1,4 (E) 2,1,3,4

15. Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis? (A) neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA fragment (B) altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment (C) methylating the cytosine bases within the DNA fragment (D) increasing the length of the DNA fragment

17. Which of the following methods is effective for separating proteins on the basis of their net charge? (A) ion-exchange chromatography (B) gel-filtration chromatography (C) affinity chromatography (D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

18. A nucleosome forms hydrogen bonds with what part of the DNA? (A) with the phosphodiester backbone and with bases via the minor groove (B) only with bases via the major groove (C) only with bases via the minor groove (D) with the phosphodiester backbone and with bases via the major groove

19. Which of the following answer choices represents the correct evolutionary relationship between complexity of organisms and gene density (genes/Mb)? (A) Less complex organisms have increased gene density. (B) Less complex organisms have increased gene density. (C) Most organisms have a similar gene density. (D) There is no relationship between organismal complexity and gene density.

20. The "intergenic" parts of the human genome (i.e., the portion of the genome that does not encosde proteins or structural RNAs) consist of which types of DNA sequence (A) genome-wide repeats, microsatellite DNA, and regulatory sequences (B) introns, gene fragments, and pseudogenes (C) genome-wide repeats, pseudogenes, and microsatellite DNA (D) introns, regulatory sequences, and microsatellite DNA

21. Which of the statements best describes the mutational event pictured below? Wild-type sequence ACC   CAC   UCU   GGA   UUU   AAG   GCA Peptideencoded   thr   his   ser   gly   leu   lys   ala Mutant sequence ACC   CAC   UCU   UGA   UUU   AAG   GCA Peptideencoded   thr   his   ser   stop   phe   lys   ala (A) A transversion mutation leading to a nonsense codon (B) A frameshift mutation leading to a missense amino acid substitution (C) A transition mutation resulting in a silent amino acid substitution (D) A transition mutation leading to a nonsense codon (E) An insertion mutation resulting in a frameshift of the amino acid sequence

22.A mutant protein has been designated as G189A. What does this designation reveal about the mutation? (A) That a G nucleotide has been exchanged for an A nucleotide 189 bases from the 5' end of the coding region. (B) That a glycine in position 189 of the protein is now an alanine. (C) That an A nucleotide has been exchanged for a G nucleotide 189 bases from the 5' end of the coding region. (D) That a glycine is now in position 189 of the protein instead of an alanine. (E) That a nonsense mutation occurred at position 189 of the protein.