14. 為了能達到極大的過冷度，科學家在外太空做凝固實驗。請問其原理與下列哪個現象有關？
(A) 高真空
(B) 低溫
(C) 無容器
(D) 以上皆是

1. A material is at an equilibrium condition at which its alpha and beta phases exist simultaneously. Which of the following must be true about this material? (A) This material has only two phases； alpha and beta. (B) Alpha and beta phases are equally thermodynamically favorable. (C) Alpha phase is more thermodynamically favorable than the beta phase. (D) The material is transitioning from alpha phase to beta phase.

2. What is the correct definition of “triple point” ? (A) The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas simultaneously exist. (B) The most common experimental conditions of 1 atm, 298 K, and 1 mole of material. (C) The reaction conditions of material at which the oxidated state and reduced state are equally likely to occur. (D) The series of cyclical conditions at which a material can change from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or gas to liquid.

3. Select the best pair of words to describe the two points on the following diagram. Point 1 is _____, and point 2 is _____. (A) Converging point, convergence concentration.  (B) Equality point, equilibrium composition. (C) Perfect point, best concentration. (D) Eutectic point, eutectic composition.

4. If a perfect crystalline material at its most stable form is cooled to absolute zero, the entropy of this material will approach zero. (A) True. (B) False.

5. Determine if the following statement is true or false. “A particular complex chemical reaction can be divided into several simple elementary reactions. The enthalpic change of the particular complex reaction is the sum of enthalpic change of the elementary reactions.” (A) True. (B) False.

6. Determine if the following statement is true or false. “If a process has a positive change in Gibbs free energy, then this process is a spontaneous process.” (A) True. (B) False.

7. Which of the following is the 1st law of thermodynamics? (A) The entropy of the a system undergoing a spontaneous process must decrease. (B) The heat of an open system must remain constant throughout the entirety of the process. (C) A process’s change in Gibbs free energy can determine the process’s spontaneity. (D) The change in a system’s internal energy is equal to the sum of heat added into the system and the work done by the system.

8. Which of the following is not a variable that is a part of the ideal gas law? (A) Temperature. (B) Number of molecules. (C) Pressure. (D) Electric field.

9. The transition between solid water (ice) and liquid water has a boundary with a negative slope on a pressure versus temperature plot. Which of the following is a direct explanation for this 2  phenomenon? (A) Solid water is lighter than liquid water. (B) Water has a high heat of fusion. (C) Liquid water is denser than solid water. (D) Solid water is crystalline, and liquid is amorphous.

10. What is the alloy of copper and tin called? (A) Bronze. (B) Brass. (C) Rolled gold. (D) Monel Metal.

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