19. The human genome contains about 20000 genes. However； there is evidence that human cells produce more than 20000 different polypeptides. What processes might explain this discrepancy?
(A) Exon shuffling
(B) Domain shuffling
(C) Gene recombination
(D) Alternative splicing

1. Which of the following statements concerning van der Waals interaction is correct? (A) van der Waals interaction is a strong force between molecules. (B) van der Waals interaction occurs only when two molecules are close together. (C) van der Waals interaction is a hydrophobic interaction between molecules. (D) van der Waals interaction is a form of covalent bond.

2. Which of the following statements concerning protein structures is correct? (A) Protein functions are independent of protein structure. (B)Protein primary structure refers to the three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains of amino acids. (C) Protein secondary structure refers to the linear sequences of amino acids. (D) Protein quaternary structure refers to association of multiple polypeptides to form a functional protein complex.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the differentiation of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is correct? (A) Prokaryotic cells use RNA to store genetic information whereas eukaryotic cells use DNA. (B) Prokaryotic cells are usually larger than eukaryotic cells. (C) Eukaryotic cell have membrane-enclosed organelles whereas prokaryotic cells do not. (D) Eukaryotic cell have cell membranes whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

4. Which of the following statements concerning endomembrane system is correct? (A) The endomembrane system starts at the endoplasmic reticulum. (B) The endomembrane system ends at the Golgi apparatus. (C) The inner leaflet of endoplasmic reticulum membrane is topologically equivalent to the outer leaflet of cell membrane. (D) The components of the endomembrane system are independent of each other.

5. Which of the following factors does not affect enzyme activity in cellular metabolism? (A) Free- energy change (AG) in the reaction (B) pH (C) inhibitors (D) Temperature

6. Which of the following statements concerning fermentation is correct? (A) Fermentation is an important process to regenerate NAD+ when oxygen supply is limited in a cell. (B) Electron transport in the mitochondrial membranes will stop when there is no O2. (C) Glycolysis will stop when there is no NAD+. (D) All of the above.

7. Which of the following statements concerning photosynthesis is correct? (A) Upon photon excitation, electrons travel from photosystem II to photosystem I. (B) H2O is split to 2 and 1/2 O2 by photosystem I. (C) Completion of electron transport in the thylakoid membranes ultimately generates NADP+. (D) Calvin cycle, which fixes CO2, occurs in thylakoid space.

8. What is the sequence of action for a protein hormone on its target cells? (A) Hormone -＞ intracellular signaling -＞ cell surface receptor -＞ response (B) Hormone -＞ cell surface receptor -＞ intracellular signaling -＞ response (C) Intracellular signaling -＞ hormone -＞ cell surface receptor -＞ response (D) Intracellular signaling -＞ cell surface receptor hormone -＞ response

9. Which of the following statements concerning eukaryotic cell cycle control is correct? (A) Cell cycle follows the sequence of G1 -＞ G2 -＞ S -＞ M. (B) M phase usually represents the longest period of the cell cycle. (C) Cell cycle progression is controlled by cyclically fluctuating concentrations of cyclins in the cell. (D) Cyclins are resistant to degradation in the cell.

10. Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during (A)meiosis I. (B)meiosis II. (C)mitosis. (D)fertilization.

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