2. Herd immunity is best described as:
(A) Vaccination of livestock berds
(B) Protection of vaccinated individuals
(C) Vaccinating the contacts of an infected person
(D) Using multiple vaccines at one time
(E) Protecting individuals who have not been vaccinated

1.Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes_________(A) are stimulated; develop and mature(B) encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis(C) undergo clonal selection; differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells (D) develop and mature; become activated aup (E) die; are phagocytosed after death

3.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?(A) Vasodilation(B) Increased vascular permeability and edema (C) Inactivation of macrophages(D) Influx of leukocytes(E) Pain

4. Pattern recognition receptors_______. (A) are expressed on the surface of pathogens (B) do not have specificity (C) are used by macrophages and neutrophils to recognize pathogens (D) are antigen-specific (E) are only expressed on the surface of cells

5.Which one of the following statements regarding innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is correct?(A) They are innate cells and derived from common myeloid progenitors from the bone marrow. (B) They produce overlapping cytokines, as in CD4 and CD8 T cells.(C) They express T cell receptors and are a type of T cell.(D) ILC2 cells produce IFNy to eliminate extracellular bacteria and fungi. (E) ILCI cellss can produce IL-17 and IL-22 to recruit and activate neutrophils.

6. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?(A) Allergy and autoimmunity are caused by an abnormal immune response that is directed against appropriate antigens(B) Desensitization therapy can restore tolerance to the allergen by reducing its tendency to induce IgE production. (C) Anaphylactic shock is caused by systemic activation of mast cells in the bloodstream. (D) Celiac disease is a chronic condition of the small intestine caused by an immune response directed at the food protein gluten.(E) Allergic reactions in response to test antigens can be divided into an immediate response and a late-phase resnonse response.

7. Type I hypersensitivity reaction is caused by an -mediated immune response whose main physiological role is to defend against parasite infection, while Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by cells (A) IgG; naïve T (B) IgE; Ag-specific B cells (C) IgE; mast cells (D) IgG; dendritic cells (E) IgE; Ag-specific T cells

8.All of the following are tenets ofthe hygiene hypothesis except (A) An increase in allergic disease in developed countries compared to developing countries (B) Excessive hygiene reduces childhood exposure to commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. (C) Vaccination increases the developing immune system's experience in facing natural infection. (D) Widespread use of antibiotics interferes with the use and education of the immune system. (E) Antibiotic-driven selection of superbacteria perturbs the immune system.

9. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) CAR-T cells include include anan extracellular tumor tumor antigntigen-specific domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. (B) One of the beneficial effects of treating diseases with immunosuppressive agents is the decreased risk of infection. (C) Therapeutic antibodies can be engineered to reduce their immunogenicity in humans by a process called humanization. (D) Tumor cells may be eliminated by the immune system initially, but as they evolve, variants occur and eventually escape immune surveillance and form a tumor. (E) An effective vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can prevent the occurrence of cervical cancer.

10. Which of the following is NOT an immune checkpoint receptor on T cells that inhibits the CD8+ T-cell response?(A) Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein4 (CTLA-4)(B) Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag-3)(C) Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (4-1BB)(D) T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3)(E) Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)

11. Which of the following is NOT a feature of immunologically "cold"tumors?(A) Exclusion of CD8+T cells and NK cells from the tumor(B) More immunosuppressive immune cells in tumor(C) Poor prognosis and response to immunotherapy(D) Low antigen presentation(E) Elevated effector cytokine, such as Granzyme B

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