8.All of the following are tenets ofthe hygiene hypothesis except (A) An increase in allergic disease in developed countries compared to developing countries (B) Excessive hygiene reduces childhood exposure to commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. (C) Vaccination increases the developing immune system's experience in facing natural infection. (D) Widespread use of antibiotics interferes with the use and education of the immune system. (E) Antibiotic-driven selection of superbacteria perturbs the immune system.

9. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) CAR-T cells include include anan extracellular tumor tumor antigntigen-specific domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. (B) One of the beneficial effects of treating diseases with immunosuppressive agents is the decreased risk of infection. (C) Therapeutic antibodies can be engineered to reduce their immunogenicity in humans by a process called humanization. (D) Tumor cells may be eliminated by the immune system initially, but as they evolve, variants occur and eventually escape immune surveillance and form a tumor. (E) An effective vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can prevent the occurrence of cervical cancer.

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