2. Which molecules of the followings are the most important that a cell must protect from damage in order to stay alive and reproduce?
(A) proteins
(B) nucleic acids
(C) carbohydrates
(D)phospholipids
(E)amino acids

1. What kind of (part of) the structure of the protein would be considered that a hydrogen bond between the constitutive amino acid (R groups) of two different polypeptide chains in a four-chain protein? (A) primary(B) secondary(C) tertiary(D)quaternary(E)nonlinear

3. Plant cells permit ions and small molecules to move between adjacent cells by means of cytoplasmic channels in their cell walls known as__________. (A) gap junctions(B) desmosomes(C) plasmodesmata(D)tight junctions(E)tonoplasts

4. If photosynthetic eukaryotic cells are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (180), the 180 label may be found in all but one compound. That compound is__________. (A) 3-phosphoglycerate(B) cellulose(C) glucose(D)O2(E)RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)

5. If a plant synthesized a molecule of sugar that has 12 carbons, how many turns of the Calvin cycle would be needed? (A) 2(B) 3(C) 4(D)12(E)24

6. Just after the DNA replication in S phase, a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes will have__________ chromosomes and__________ sister chromatids. (A) 23； 46(B) 23； 23(C) 46； 46(D)46； 92(E)92；92

7. Which pattern of diploid and haploid phases reflects the life cycle in some fungi and algae, but not plants or animals? (A) alternation between haploid and diploid generations (B) two haploid generations followed by a diploid generation (C) one haploid generation followed by two diploid generations (D) a life cycle that limits the diploid state to a single cell produced by fertilization (E) a life cycle that limits the haploid state to a single cell which is immediately fertilized

8. In which of the following events the small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) are involved? (A) mRNA splicing(B) initiation of transcription(C) aminoacylation of tRNA (D)initiation of translation(E)termination of translation

9. When lactose is present in the medium, RNA polymerase will bind to the__________of the E. coli lac operon. (A) lacl gene(B) operator(C) promoter(D)transcription initiation site(E)first codon of the lac2 gene

10. Steroid hormones can trigger gene expression in a select number of target cells because__________. (A) only target cells allow the steroid hormone to cross the plasma membrane (B) nontarget cells have a steroid hormone response element encoded in their DNA (C) only target cells have the correct receptor in their cytosol or nuclei to bind to the hormone (D) nontarget cells lack the genes found in target cells (E) only target cells have the genes that steroid hormones activate

11. Which process sets the developmental fate of an embryonic cell? (A) fertilization(B) meiosis(C) induction(E)determination(D)differentiation

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