2. Which of the following is a ketone body?
(A) Oxaloacetate
(B) Acetone
(C) α–hydroxybutyrate
(D) All of the above

48. Which of the following is a potential problem associated with genetically engineered plants? (A) Disease resistance genes may escape into the wild. (B) It will be difficult to breed engineered plants with natural types. (C)Engineered plants will be less nutritious. (D) Genetically engineered plants will not be able to reproduce on their own. (E)All of the above.

49. Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by ________. I) the stars in the night sky  II) the sun during the day  III) the magnetic field of the Earth (A) only I (B) only II (C)only III (D) I, II, and III (E)None.

50. The correct sequence of sensory processing is (A) sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation. (B) sensory perception → sensory transduction → stimulus reception → sensory adaptation. (C)stimulus reception → sensory perception → sensory adaptation → sensory transduction. (D) sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception. (E)stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation.

1. Which cellular structure generates adenosine triphosphate in prokaryotic? (A) Ribosomes (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi apparatus (D) Plasma membrane

3. Which organelle is critical in initiating programmed cell death when triggered by ER stress? (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Mitochondria (C) Nucleus (D) Vacuole

4. How many cycles of β-oxidation are required to completely process a saturated arachidic acid (C20)? (A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 18

5. The phosphate buffer system is maximally effective at a pH close to its pKa of 6.86. What is the pH of a mixture of 0.5 M NaH2PO4 and 0.05 M Na2HPO4?(A) 5.86 (B) 6.86 (C) 7.19 (D) 7.86

6. Which form of DNA is left-handed? (A) A form (B) B form (C) Z form (D) All of the above

7. Which enzyme in red blood cells is responsible for converting relatively insoluble CO2 into the highly soluble anionic form bicarbonate ion ? (A) Carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (B) Hemoglobinase (C) Carbonic anhydrase (D) Bicarbonate dehydrogenase

8. Which ion is one of the most widespread second messengers in signal transduction? (A) (B) (C) (D)