4. How many cycles of β-oxidation are required to completely process a saturated arachidic acid (C20)?
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 9
(D) 18

50. The correct sequence of sensory processing is (A) sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation. (B) sensory perception → sensory transduction → stimulus reception → sensory adaptation. (C)stimulus reception → sensory perception → sensory adaptation → sensory transduction. (D) sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception. (E)stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation.

1. Which cellular structure generates adenosine triphosphate in prokaryotic? (A) Ribosomes (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi apparatus (D) Plasma membrane

2. Which of the following is a ketone body? (A) Oxaloacetate (B) Acetone (C) α–hydroxybutyrate (D) All of the above

3. Which organelle is critical in initiating programmed cell death when triggered by ER stress? (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Mitochondria (C) Nucleus (D) Vacuole

5. The phosphate buffer system is maximally effective at a pH close to its pKa of 6.86. What is the pH of a mixture of 0.5 M NaH2PO4 and 0.05 M Na2HPO4?(A) 5.86 (B) 6.86 (C) 7.19 (D) 7.86

6. Which form of DNA is left-handed? (A) A form (B) B form (C) Z form (D) All of the above

7. Which enzyme in red blood cells is responsible for converting relatively insoluble CO2 into the highly soluble anionic form bicarbonate ion ? (A) Carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (B) Hemoglobinase (C) Carbonic anhydrase (D) Bicarbonate dehydrogenase

8. Which ion is one of the most widespread second messengers in signal transduction? (A) (B) (C) (D)

9. Which amino acid is NOT optically active? (A) Alanine (B) Glycine (C) Lysine (D) Phenylalanine

10. Which enzyme is central to the Calvin cycle? (A) ATP synthase (B) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (C) Malate dehydrogenase (D) NADPH reductase