22 無望理論（hopelessness theory）主張憂鬱的最重要誘發因子是無望感，有關無望感的敘述下列何 者錯誤？
(A)無望感與外界壓力事件無明顯關係
(B)無望型憂鬱的特徵之一是高自殺風險
(C)歸因型態是影響個人是否無望的關鍵因素
(D)個人的自我評價低落是無望感的前因，而非後果

出處：

Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Davison, G. C., & Neale, J. M. (2013).

Abnormal Psychology. New York: Wiley. Ch5.  Mood disorders--

Psychological Factors in Depression--, p153-154.

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Hopelessness Theory According to hopelessness theory

( Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989), the most important

trigger of depression is hopelessness, which is defined as 

an expectation that (1) desirable outcomes will not occur and that 

(2) the person has no responses available to change this situation. 

Within this model, hopelessness is hypothesized to contribute to 

only one type of depression (hopelessness depression), which is 

defined by symptoms of decreased motivation, sadness, suicidality(選項B),

decreased energy, psychomotor retardation, sleep disturbances,

poor concentration, and negative cognitions.

Hopelessness is believed to be triggered by life events (選項A)that 

have important consequences for the person and/or the person's 

self-evaluations.(選項D)

People whose attributional style leads them to believe that negative life 

events are due to stable and global causes are likely to become hopeless,

and this hopelessness will set the stage for depression.(選項C).