22. Which of the following RNA species is most abundant in the human cells?
(A) mRNA.
(B) rRNA.
(C) tRNA.
(D) microRNA.

1. Which of the following characteristics does not contribute to chemical diversity of carbon-containing organic molecules? (A) Length of carbon chain. (B) Functional groups attached to the carbon by covalent bonds. (C) Double bonds between carbons. (D) Carbon isotopes.

2. Which of the following descriptions concerning a cell is correct? (A) A eukaryotic cell is enclosed by a membrane but a prokaryotic cell is not. (B) A prokaryotic cell is usually larger than a eukaryotic cell. (C) A eukaryotic cell contains membrane-enclosed organelles but a prokaryotic cell does not. (D) Prokaryotic cells' genetic materials are chemically different than the eukaryotic cells' genetic materials.

3. Which of the following descriptions concerning hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity is correct? (A) Hydrophilic substances are poorly dissolved in water. (B) Hydrophilic substances are generally nonpolar. (C) Hydrophobic substances tend to aggregate in water. (D) Hydrophobic substances form hydrogen bonds with water.

4. Which of the following descriptions concerning protein structure is corrected? (A) Protein primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the protein. (B) α-helix and β-sheet are two commonly seen protein secondary structures. (C) The secondary and tertiary protein structures are results of collective effects of interactions of amino acids (including side chains) and its surrounding water, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions. (D) All of the above.

5. Which of the following descriptions concerning electron transport chain is correct? (A) Electron transport chain is located in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. (B) In electron transport, O2 is the final electron receiver. (C) In electron transport, H2O is the first electron donor. (D) All of the above.

6. Which of the following descriptions concerning Golgi apparatus is correct? (A) The side of Golgi apparatus that receives vesicles from ER is considered cis. (B) The side of Golgi apparatus that sends vesicles to downstream organelles (such as lysosome) is considered cis. (C) The Golgi apparatus is connected to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. (D) The Golgi apparatus is connected to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope.

7. Which of the following descriptions concerning active transport is not correct? (A) Active transport requires energy input. (B) Active transport accelerates the movements of the substance across the membrane. (C) Active transport uses the concentration gradient of the substance to drive the transport of the substance across the membrane. (D) Some forms of active transport generate electrochemical potentials across the membrane.

8. Which of the following is not a membrane receptor for cell signaling? (A) G protein-coupled receptor. (B) Receptor tyrosine kinase. (C) Ligand-gated ion channel. (D) Steroidal hormone receptor.

9. What is the complementary sequence of the following DNA sequence: 5'-TAGGCCT-3'? (A) 3'-TAGGCCT-5'. (B) 3'-ATCCGGA-5'. (C) 3'-AGGCCTA-5'. (D) 3'-TCCGGAT-5'.

10. Which of the following descriptions concerning endomembrane system is correct? (A) The endomembrane system starts from the endoplasmic reticulum. (B) The endomembrane system ends at the Golgi apparatus. (C) The components of the endomembrane system are either continuous or connected via transfer vesicles. (D) The components of the endomembrane system are independent of each other.

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