23. In an average protein, 60 percent of the polypeptide chain exists as two regular secondary structures, helices and ẞ sheets. Those two secondary structures were maintained by
(A) covalent bond
(B) hydrogen bond
(C) Ionic bond
(D) metallic bond

1. Reverse transcriptases are (A) DNA-dependent DNA polymerases (B) DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (C) RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (D) RNA-dependent RNA polymerases

2. In Western blotting, the purpose for adding milk is to: (A) Fill up holes on the membrane to prevent proteins from leaking through (B) To help antibodies bind to the proteins they recognize (C) To maintain pH value (D) To minimize non-specific binding of antibodies

3. You are wondering whether the expression of the gene you are studying is regulated by miRNAs. Which of the following experiments is least likely to help you determine if miRNAs are involved? (A) Look for sequences in the UTR regions that may complement miRNAs (B) Delete miRNA that may regulate your gene and examine expression level changes (C) Mutate potential miRNA binding sites to see if expression levels of gene changes (D) Use a phospho-specific antibody to examine protein expression levels

4. Which of these following elements is on an mRNA molecule? (A) Enhancers (B) 5'UTR (C) Promoters (D) Insulators

5. Which of the following methods is NOT used for gene-editing? (A) Targeted recombination by Cre-loxP (B) Homologous recombination (C) CRISPR-Cas9 (D) Sequence-specific zinc-finger nucleases

6. Which of the following methods is used to quantitate newly synthesized proteins? (A) Nuclear run-on assay (B) Pulse-labeling assay (C) Polysome profiling assay (D) Western blotting assay

7. Which of the following materials can be used to cause transient knockdown of a gene? (A) Small interfering RNA (siRNA) (B) MicroRNA (miRNA) (C) Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) (D) All of the above

8. Which of the following statements about non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is true? (A) is an RNA that is translated into a protein (B) includes transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) (C) Many of the essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in transcription (D) None of the above

9. Which of the following statements about epigenetics is true? (A) is the study of heritable phenotype changes that involve alterations in the DNA sequence (B) Epigenetic changes are not transmitted to the organism's offspring (C) includes DNA methylation and histone modification (D) None of the above

10. Which one of the DNA elements is not required for a chromosome to be stably maintained in cells? (A) origin of replication (B) centromere (C) primer (D) telomere

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