25. The _____ molecule hides the myosin-binding site on the actin when muscles are not contracting.
(A) Calcium
(B) ATP
(C) Acetylcholine
(D) tropomyosin

21. At very low concentrations, epinephrine causes an artery to dilate. At higher concentrations epinephrine causes the same artery to constrict. How can these different effects be explained? (A) There is one type of epinephrine receptor that uses two second-messenger systems. (B) There are two types of epinephrine receptors with different affinities for epinephrine that use two different second-messenger systems. (C) There are two types of receptors for epinephrine that use the same second-messenger system. (D) At higher concentrations epinephrine can pass through the plasma membrane and directly stimulate contraction within the cell.

22. Which is TRUE regarding diffusion? (A) It depends upon the random motion of molecules. (B) It results in net movement of molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. (C) It requires energy in the form of ATP. (D) It requires integral membrane proteins to occur.

23. Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is TRUE? (A) Skeletal muscle fibers have pacemaker activity. (B) Skeletal muscle fibers are joined together by gap junctions. (C) A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract when excitatory nervous stimuli sufficiently exceed inhibitory nervous stimuli at the motor end plate. (D) A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract if excitatory synaptic inputs sufficiently exceed inhibitory synaptic inputs on the motor neuron that innervates that fiber and the motor neuron fires an action potential

24. Sensory feedback in the control of skeletal muscle activity is based on information from (A) myoneural junctions & motor end plates (B) muscle spindle apparatus & Golgi tendon organs (C) tension in the sarcomere (D) series elastic components

26. Muscles that are not used may degenerate or undergo a process of _____ (A) atrophy (B) hypertrophy (C) fatigue (D) tetany

27. Biosynthesis of insulin produces a precursor protein with larger molecular weight before being enzymatically processed in order to generate its final active hormone. Which of the following is the immediate precursor protein of insulin? (A) propreinsulin (B) preproinsulin (C) proinsulin (D) preinsulin

複選題28. Which of the following is a correct pituitary hormone response to the hypothalamic hormone listed?   Hypothalamic Hormone     Pituitary Hormone Secretion    (A) Somatostatin ↑ GH (B) Dopamine ↓ prolactin (C) GnRH ↑ FSH (D) CRH  ↑ ACTH

29. Endemic goiter is caused by (A) autoimmune antibodies acting like TSH (B) stress (C) insufficient uptake of dietary iodine (D) pituitary tumor

複選題30. Steroid hormones (A) are synthesized from cholesterol (B) act through their membrane receptors as transcription factors (C) have shorter half lives than the peptide hormones (D) are stored in vesicles

31. Which of the following is incorrect during absorptive state? (A) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver (B) Plasma insulin level increases (C) Energy is provided primarily by absorbed carbohydrates (D) Glycogen is produced in liver and muscle