27. One of the strong pieces of evidence for the process of gene duplication and mutation is the occurrence of
(A) pseudogenes.
(B) introns.
(C) transposons.
(D) heterochromatin.

1. When you decide to start a genomic study with the establishment of an expressed sequence tag or EST library, the first step you need to do is to (A) isolate total DNA from the target cells and then digest DNA with a mixture of restriction enzymes (B) isolate total RNA from the target cells and then make cDNAs via reverse transcription (C) extract cellular proteins and then digest them with selected proteinases (D) cultivate the target cells and then fix them with glutaldehyde/paraformaldehyde

2. Which of the followings is a general characteristic of the life cycle of negative-strand RNA viruses? (A) Release from cells by cell lysis (B) Genome replication occurs in the nucleus (C) Virions carry an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (D) Structure proteins are derived from polyprotein cleavage

3. Which of the followings is an important property of enveloped viruses? (A) They are environmentally labile (B) They are released from cell by cell lysis (C) They can survive the adverse conditions of the gut (D) Antibody is sufficient for immunoprotection

4. The expression of the lac operon in E. coli is: (A) Inhibited by glucose through a process called catabolite repression. (B) Inhibited by allolactose through a process called catabolite repression. (C) Activated by lactose through activation of Crp. (D) Activated by cAMP through inhibition of LacI.

5. During the log growth phase: (A) The death rate and the duplication rate of the bacteria reach balance. (B) The density of the bacterial population increases exponentially. (C) The growth rate varies along time. (D) The stringent response is activated during log growth phase to enhance growth.

6. Bacterial flagellum: (A) Is for the motility of the bacterium (B) Is for the transformation of the bacterium (C) Is for invading a host cell (D) Is for aggregating with other bacteria

7. The difference between Thymine and Uracil base structure is at (A) OH group in the sugar portion (B) Double bond difference in nucleotide (C) Presence or absence of CH3 group (D) Position of sugar attachment

8. Shine-Dalgarno sequence is responsible for bacterial (A) Transformation (B) Transcription (C) Translation (D) Transfection

9. Which codon is   NOT   a stop codon (A) UAG (B) UGA (C) UAA (D) UUU

10. Which of the following gene transfer mechanisms is mediated by bacteriophages? (A) Transduction (B) Transposition (C) Transformation (D) Conjugation

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