30. The first intermediate in TCA cycle is
(A) isocitrate,
(B) fumarate,
(C) succinate,
(D) citrate,
(E) oxaloacetate.

26. For the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons, how many times must the β-oxidation cycle be repeated? (A) 4, (B) 7, (C) 8, (D) 6, (E) 16.

27. Hormones such as glucagon ______ glycolysis by activating CAMP-dependent protein kinase that will ______ pyruvate kinase to ______ the enzyme. (A) activate； carboxylate； activate, (B) activate； phosphorylate； activate, (C) activate； phosphorylate； inhibit, (D) inhibit； phosphorylate； inhibit, (E) inhibit； phosphorylate； activate.

28. All are important reasons to phosphorylate glucose in the first step of glycolysis EXCEPT: (A) the large positive free energy is required in getting the pathway started, (B) glucose-6-phosphate has a negative charge preventing transport out of the cell, (C) the concentration of free glucose in the cell is lowered favoring influx of glucose, (D) phosphorylation keeps the glucose in the cell.

29. A compound with a negative redox potential means it has (A) lower affinity for electron, (B) higher affinity for electron, (C) lower affinity for proton, (D) higher affinity for proton, (E) none of the above.

複選題31. Which one of the following is a common product of cyclic and noncyclic electron transport of higher plants' photosynthesis? (A) NADH, (B) NADPH, (C) O2, (D) ATP, (E) CO2.

32. In a eukaryotic cell, the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the (A) cytosol, (B) mitochondrial matrix, (C) intermembrane space, (D) plasma membrane, (E) endoplasmic reticulum.

33. At which wavelength does chlorophyll molecules absorb the least? (A) 440 nm, (B) 460 nm, (C) 520 nm, (D) 650 nm, (E) 680 nm.

34. The number of which subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase varies from species to species? (A) α, (B) γ, (C) a, (D) b, (E) c.

35. During strenuous exercise, lactic acid is produced in our muscles due to lack of (A) NAD+, (B) O2, (C) ATP, (D) glucose, (E) ADP and Pi.

36. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor for which of the following enzymatic reactions?: (A) CO2 fixation, (B) redox-regulation, (C) aminotransferase, (D) carboxylation, (E) decarboxylation.