31. Which of the following is NOT a step in non-homologous end joining?
(A) Phosphorylation of the Ku70-Ku80 complex
(B) Degradation of any single-strand overhangs or hairpins from the broken ends of the chromosomes to be repaired
(C) Binding of the Ku70-Ku80 complex to the broken chromosome ends
(D) Binding of a kinase and a nuclease to the Ku70-Ku80 complex on the DNA

1. DNA-binding proteins primarily recognize a specific sequence of double-stranded DNA through_________. (A) interactions with the exposed chemical groups in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone (B) interactions with the exposed chemical groups in the minor groove of the DNA (C) interactions with the exposed chemical groups in the major groove of the DNA (D) attraction between the protein and negative charges on DNA

2. Which one of the following statements about the structure of RNA is NOT true? (A) RNA is capable of forming secondary structure. (B) RNA is capable of forming tertiary structure. (C) RNA is capable of forming pseudoknots. (D) RNA is capable of forming B-sheets.

3. Consider an experiment in which nucleic acids are separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. In the gel you load the following samples: Lane 1: a population of linearized 3000-bp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules. Lane 2: a population of circular 3000-bp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules Which population of nucleic acids would most likely migrate through the gel fastest, and in which direction through the gel will these molecules migrate? (A) The linearized dsDNA would most likely migrate faster than the circular dsDNA. AlI DNA molecules would migrate toward the positive end of the gel. (B) The linearized dsDNA would most likely migrate faster than the circular dsDNA. AIl DNA molecules would migrate towards the negative end of the gel. (C) The circular dsDNA would most likely migrate faster than the linearized dsDNA. All DNA molecules would migrate toward the positive end of the gel. (D) The circular dsDNA would most likely migrate faster than the linearized dsDNA. All DNA molecules would migrate toward the negative end of the gel

4. Which of the following bioinformatics analyses involves scanning sequences in the genomes of related organisms to identify conserved non-coding regions, which may represent unknown regulatory elements? (A) BLAST (B) VISTA (C) genome annotation (D) genome editing

5. In a linear eukaryotic chromatin sample, which of the following strands is looped into domains by scaffolding? (A) the 30-nm chromatin fiber (B) the metaphase chromosome (C) DNA with H1 only (D) the 10-nm chromatin fiber

複選題6. Which of the following statements is true about histones? (A) The mass of histone in chromatin is approximately nine times the mass of DNA. (B) The carboxyl end of each histone extends outward from the nucleosome and is called a "histone tail." (C) Histones are found in mammals, but not in other animals or in plants or fungi. (D) Histone H1 is not present in the nucleosome bead； instead, it draws the nucleosomes together.

7. Why do histones bind tightly to DNA? (A) Histones are highly hydrophobic, and DNA is hydrophilic. (B) Both histones and DNA are strongly hydrophobic. (C) Histones are covalently linked to the DNA. (D) Histones are positively charged, and DNA is negatively charged.

8. Why might they be conducting such an experiment? (A) to find the location of this gene in the human genome (B) to collect population data that can be used to assess natural selection (C) to collect population data that can be used to study genetic drift (D) to find which of the students has which alleles

9. Their next two steps, in order, should be (A) electrophoresis of the fragments, followed by Southern blotting using a probe. (B) electrophoresis of the fragments followed by autoradiography. (C) use of a ligase that will anneal the pieces, followed by Southern blotting. (D) use of a fluorescent probe for the gene sequence, then electrophoresis.

10. In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to (A) a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene. (B) a Single nucleotide polymorhism marker. (C) a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. (D) the sticky end of a DNA fragment.

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