31. Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?
(A) skin pigmentation in humans
(B) pink flowers in snapdragons
(C) sex linkage in humans
(D) white and purple color in sweet peas
(E) the ABO blood groups in humans

27. Why do the kidney’s activities require large amounts of energy? (A) Filtration requires high blood pressure. (B) Tubular reabsorption involves active transport. (C) Water is removed from the urine by active transport. (D) Osmosis occurs in energized proteins in the walls of capillaries. (E) All of the above.

28. Hypophosphatemia is inherited as an X-linked dominant. A woman without hypophosphatemia and a man with hypophosphatemia have a daughter. The daughter mates with a male without hypophosphatemia. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring? (A) 3 unaffected females : 1 male with hypophosphatemia (B) 2 unaffected females : 1 unaffected male : 1 male with hypophosphatemia (C) 1 unaffected female : 1 female with hypophosphatemia : 1 unaffected male : 1 male with hypophosphatemia (D) 1 unaffected female : 1 male with hypophosphatemia (E) 1 female with hypophosphatemia : 1 unaffected male

29. Birds are like their reptile ancestors, but their bodies are highly modified for flight. Which of the following characteristics is not an adaptation for flight? (A) feathers (B) amniotic eggs (C) a short tail (D) bones with air sacs (E) endothermic metabolism

30. All of the following are reasons why gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals than it is for terrestrial animals except (A) water is harder to pump than air. (B) water is denser than air. (C) water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume. (D) gills have less surface area than lungs. (E) exchanging gases with water causes substantial heat loss.

32. Where is the attachment site for RNA polymerase? (A) operator region (B) initiation region (C) structural gene region (D) promoter region (E) regulator region

33. Gene flow is a concept best used to describe an exchange between (A) individuals. (B) chromosomes. (C) species. (D) males and females. (E) populations.

34. Differentiation of teeth is greatest in (A) reptiles. (B) mammals. (C) bony fishes. (D) sharks. (E) amphibians.

35. The primary role of oxygen in respiration is to (A) combine with carbon, forming CO2. (B) catalyze the glycolysis reaction. (C) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. (D) yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. (E) combine with lactic acid to form pyruvic acid.

複選題36. A long-day plant will flower if (A) it is kept in continuous far-red light. (B) the duration of continuous darkness exceeds a critical length. (C) the duration of continuous light is less than a critical length. (D) the duration of continuous darkness is less than a critical length. (E) the duration of continuous light exceeds a critical length.

37. The first plants arose during the __________ era. (A) Cenozoic (B) Mesozoic (C) Paleozoic (D) Precambrian (E) Tertiary