31.In the classic Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, the dynamics typically show: (A) Convergence to a stable equilibrium. (B) Exponential growth of both predator and prey. (C) Alternative stable states depending on predator abundance. (D) Population cycles whose amplitude depends on initial conditions.

2.Which of the following statements about the River Continuum Concept is incorrect? (A) From upstream to downstream, FPOM is gradually replaced by increasingly abundant CPOM. (B) Many fishes in headwater streams require well-oxygenated water. (C) Microbes are significant consumers throughout much of the river continuum. (D) Benthic invertebrates can be classified into functional feeding groups (e.g., collectors, grazers/scrapers, shredders) based on how they acquire organic matter.

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