38. Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time.
(A) random selection
(B) directional selection
(C) stabilizing selection
(D) disruptive selection
(E) sexual selection

1. The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes? (A) tropical rain forest (B) temperate broadleaf forest (C) taiga (D) temperate grassland (E) savanna

2. The type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate when they hear bells is called (A) habituation. (B) imprinting. (C) trial-and-error learning. (D) classical conditioning. (E) insight.

3. To measure species diversity in a community, you need to know (A) the number of species. (B) the relative abundance of each species. (C) the physical size of each species. (D) both A and B (E) A, B, and C

4. Human use of prokaiyotic organisms to help detoxify a polluted wetland would be an example of (A) keystone species introduction. (B) ecosystem augmentation. (C) biological control. (D) population viability analysis. (E) bioremediation.

5. All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except (A) guard cell — regulation of transpiration (B) sieve-tube member ——translocation (C) vessel element — water transport (D) mesophyll — photosynthesis (E) companion cell — formation of secondary xylem and phloem

6. An evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is (A) lateral buds. (B) apical dominance. (C) intercalary meristems. (D) absence of petioles. (E) dosing of the stomata.

7. The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always be predicted by measuring which of the following? (A) air pressure (B) proton gradients (C) dissolved solutes (D) rainfall (E) water potential

8. Root hairs are most important to a plant because they (A) anchor a plant in the soil. (B) increase the surface area for absorption. (C) contain xylem tissue. (D) store starches. (E) provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

9. What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? (A) Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species. (B) If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary. (C) Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other. (D) Pollination brings gametophytes together so that fertilization can occur. (E) Fertilization precedes pollination.

10. The least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate would be the amount of (A) ATP produced within its cells. (B) water it drinks. | (C) heat it generates. (D) oxygen it inspires. I (E) carbon dioxide it expires.

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