39. Carotenoids have primary roles in photosynthesis as:
(A)accessory light-harvesting and photooxidation.
(B) accessory light-harvesting and photoprotection from reactive oxygen species.
(C)resonance transfer pigments and photooxidation.
(D)resonance transfer and photodiffusion protection. none are true.

1. What makes carbon such an abundant element in biomolecules? (A)It can form up to five bonds by sharing its electrons. (B) It forms only single bonds. (C)It provides low bond energy. (D)It forms stable covalent bonds by electron pair sharing. (E)It does not usually bond to other carbons, allowing a more diverse combination of elements.

2. Arrays of filaments in eukaryotic cells that give the cell its shape and its capacity to move are called the: (A)plasma membrane. (B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (C) cytoskeleton(D) lysosome.(E)Golgi body.

3. All of the following functions of an enzyme are true EXCEPT:(A) Enzymes help to catalyze virtually every metabolic reaction.(B) Enzymes mediate the rates of cellular reaction in proportion to cellular requirements.(C) Enzymes are sensitive to temperature, pH, and concentration changes.(D) An increased activity of an enzyme increases the amount of energy produced.(E) Enzymes are used as a catalyst to increase reaction rates many orders of magnitude.

4. Buffers have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: (A) They have relatively flat titration curves at the pH(s) where they buffer. (B) They resist changes in their pH as acid or base is added. (C)They are typically composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base. (D) They buffer best for polyprotic acids half-way between the two pKa values. (E)Buffer where the amounts of conjugate base are nearly equivalent to the amounts of weak acid.

5. The hydrolysis of a phosphate from which of the following molecules is most thermodynamically favorable?(A) ADP (B) glucose phosphate (C)adenosine-5'-diphosphate (D)phosphoenolpyruvate (E)adenosine-5'-triphosphate

6. To predict whether pairs of coupled reactions will proceed spontancously: (A)Subtract the smaller from the larger △G. (B) Sum the for each reaction. (C)Add the △S values for each reaction at constant temperature. (D)The absolute value of the positive must be larger than the value of the negative .(E)None are true.

7. The difference between serine and homoserine is the same as between cysteine and homocysteine. This change from the common amino acid is: (A)one additional -CH2- group.(B) one additional -COOH group. (C)two additional -NH2 groups.(D) presence of a ring system. (E)one additional -NH2 group.

8. All of the amino acids EXCEPT________have both free o-amino and free a-carboxyl groups.(A)aspartic acid(B)proline(C)asparagine(D)lysine(E)valine

9. The amino acid with a side-chain pKa near neutrality and which therefore plays an important role as proton donor and acceptor in many enzyme catalyzed reactions is:(A)histidine.(B)cysteine.(C)proline.(D)serine.(E)methionine.

10. Ninhydrin has all these properties EXCEPT: (A)It reacts with an amino acid by oxidatively deaminating its amino group. (B) It can be used to detect the location of amino acids following chromatography. (C)It produces a purple colored product upon reaction with alanine.(D)  It produces a yellow product upon reaction with histidine. (E)It can be used to quantify most amino acids.

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