49. The oceans affect the biosphere by
I) producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen
II) adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
III) being the source of most of Earth's rainfall
IV) regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
(A) only I and III
(B) only II and IV
(C) only I, II, and IV
(D) only I, II, and III

複選題1. Which of the following solute contributes to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the kidney? (A) (B) (C) Urea (D) KCl

2. Which of the following hormone is NOT secreted from the anterior pituitary gland? (A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (B) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (D) Growth hormone (GH)

3. Which of the following is NOT the main function of antibody in the immune system? (A) Neutralization of viral toxicity (B) Binding to antigen on the surface of bacteria to promote phagocytosis (C) Activation of the complement system (D) Activation of phagocytic cells, including neutrophils and macrophages

4. Which of the following organelles is present in both plant cells and animal cells? (A) Plasmodesmata (B) Central vacuole (C) Mitochondria (D) Chloroplast

5. About mitosis and meiosis, which of the following statements are NOT TRUE? (A) Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell (B) Meiosis is a special type of mitosis producing reproductive cells that occurs only in animal cells (C) Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid) (D) Meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parental cell

6. When a yeast cell releases a mating factor, which of the following DOES NOT occur? (A) diffuses through the membranes to opposite type of cells, causing them to produce factors that initiate long-distance migrations (B) binds to receptors on the membranes of opposite type of yeast cells (C) transduces signals through G-protein coupled receptor (D) Changes the shape of the opposite type of yeast cells

7. Which of the following about nucleosomes is NOT TRUE? (A) A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes (B) The structure of a nucleosome consists of a segment of DNA wound around histone proteins (C) The nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of euchromatin but not heterochromatin (D) Nucleosomes carry epigenetic information in the form of covalent modifications of their histone proteins

8. Which of the following about viruses is NOT TRUE? (A) They have both RNA and DNA (B) They use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins (C) Phage is a type of virus that infects bacteria (D) Enveloped viruses have a phospholipid membrane outside their capsid, whereas nonenveloped viruses do not have a phospholipid membrane

9. Which of the following statements is a CORRECT distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? (A) Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs (B) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria (C) The most common way that autotrophs make their own food is converting inorganic molecules into usable components by sunlight through photosynthesis (D) Only heterotrophs require oxygen

10. Which of the following is NOT the correct match of the scientists and their discovery? (A) Erwin Chargaff discovered that in DNA from any species, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine (B) Mathew Meselson and Franklin Stahl discovered that RNA can be converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase (C) James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA is a double helix in structure (D) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discovered that DNA is the genetic material

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